心脏术后围手术期的液体管理原则及注意点课件.ppt
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1、心脏术后围手术期的液体管理原则及注意点Peri-operative fluid management,第三军医大学新桥医院心外科刘健,For practical consideration,most losses and gain of body fluid occur directly from the extracellular compartment,一、Body fluid compartment(体液的容量和分布),ICF(细胞内液)占40%,Body fluid占60%,ECF(细胞外液)占20%,plasma(血浆)占5%,细胞间液占15%,*,:成人每日水分排出量(2000-2
2、500ml)尿 1000-1500ml 大便 150ml(ICU病人一般不计)皮肤 300-600ml(平均500ml)肺 200-400ml(平均350ml)即成人每日基本生理需要量(2000-2500ml),二、Normal exchange of fluid(正常成人每日水的出入量(ml/24 h),Sensible loss,Insensible loss,:成人每日水摄入量(2000-2500ml)饮水(oral)1000-1500ml 食物水 700ml(solid food)代谢水 300ml(water of oxidation)即基本生理需要量(2000-2500ml),No
3、rmal exchange of fluid(正常成人每日水的出入量(ml/24 h),Sensible gain,Insensible gain,Compositional abnormalities include changes(1)acid-base balance(酸碱)(2)concentration changes of potassium(K+),calcium(Ca2+),and magnesium(Mg2+)(电解质),三、Classification of body fluid change(体液变化分类),1、Volume change(容量),2、Compositio
4、n change(成分),Fluid change of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)体外循环后的液体变化,1、An intentional hemodilution(to lower blood viscosity during hypothermia)血液稀释预充2、cardioplegia or the copious use of irrigation(accumulation of excess fluid)心脏停搏液和冲洗液的应用3、an increase of total body water(causes impaired organ function
5、 as it accumulates in tissues)体液增加,四、Effects of CPB on the function of multiple organ system(体外循环对机体的影响),1.Total body sodium and water overload(钠水超负荷)2.Systemic inflammatory response symptom(SIRS)capillary permeability increase crystalloid and colloid partially shift to the interstitial space3.Trans
6、ient myocardial dysfunction3.Pulmonary venous resistance(PVR)increase and abnormalities of gas exchange5.Stress and hormonal responses leading to fluid and electrolyte disturbances,The Starling equilibrium displaying the effect of different pressures on transcapillary membrane fluid flux adapted for
7、 the lung,CHP COP THP TOP capillary(毛细血管)interstiturm(间质)alveoli(肺泡)CHP:capillary hydrostatic pressureCOP:capillary oncotic pressure(of which 90%is dependent on serum albumin)THP:tissue hydrostatic pressureTOP:tissue oncotic pressure,1.Careful fluid administration may decrease postoperative respirat
8、ory disturbances 2.the elderly are especially prone to over-hydration,particularly as renal dysfunction is common in this age group,and that care needs to be taken in avoiding acute pulmonary oedema.3.A positive fluid balance was a common feature for those that died and death was attributed to pulmo
9、nary oedema or cardiac failure on the death certificates.4.Careful fluid challenges of colloid guided by central venous pressure,resulted in improved haemodynamics(cardiac output or central venous pressure),less postoperative morbidity and a reduction in hospital stay5.we emphasis on avoiding fluid
10、overload and insufficient fluid therapy post-operatively,especial in the elderly.,五、Peri-operative fluid management(液体管理原则),Factors Affecting the Amount of Fluid Administration,Preoperative cardiovascular functionAnesthetic technique and agent pharmacologyCardiopulmonary bypassPatient positionThermo
11、regulationOperative fluid administrationDuration of surgeryOperative site,Surgical techniqueSplanchnic ischemiaIntraoperative cardiac functionCapillary permeabilityEndotoxemiaProinflammatory cytokinesSepsisAllergic/anaphylactic reactions,Qualitative Considerations in Selection of Fluid Therapy,1.Oxy
12、gen-carrying capacity2.Coagulation factors3.COP(colloid oncotic pressure)4.Tissue edema5.Electrolyte balance6.Acid-base equilibrium7.Nutrition/glucose metabolism8.Cerebral abnormalities,Oxygen-Carrying Capacity,The need to provide sufficient oxygen delivery(DO2)is expressed by the following formula:
13、DO2=content of arterial oxygen(CaO2)x cardiac output(CO).CaO:hemoglobin level,arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2),and to a minimal extent dissolved oxygen;,术后早期需additional preload 者见于:,1.Right ventriculotomy(右室切开术)(如F4,Rastelli procedure)2.Cavopulmonary anastomosis(腔肺吻合术)(如双向Glenn,Fontan)3.Systemic to
14、pulmonary artery shunt(如Blalock procedure)4.Operations complicated by pulmonary hypertension(如obstructed TAPVC),六、心脏术后液体管理措施:,婴幼儿术后第一日晶体液量(微泵输入)体重的第一个l0kg 2mlkgh体重的第二个10kg 1mlkgh 体重的第三个10kg 0.5mlkgh 术后第二日开始进食者总液量:4ml/kgh血浆、全血按5-10ml/kg补充,白蛋白按2.5-5ml/kg补充,注意点:,a.心衰,呼吸机应用者:2-3mlkghb.体温升高1,液体量增加10%c.置开
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