新世纪研究生公共英语教材B 11 13单元.doc
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1、B:第九单元Animal EmotionsLaura TangleySheer joy. Romantic love. The pain of mourning. Scientists say pets and wild creatures have feelings, too.1.Swimming off the coast of Argentina, a female right whale singles out just one of the suitors that are hotly pursuing her. After mating, the two cetaceans lin
2、ger side by side, stroking one another with their flippers and finally rolling together in what looks like an embrace. The whales then depart, flippers touching, and swim slowly side by side, diving and surfacing in perfect unison until they disappear from sight.2. In Tanzania, primatologists studyi
3、ng chimpanzee behavior recorded the death of Flo, a troops 50-year-old matriarch. Throughout the following day, Flos son, Flint, sits beside his mothers lifeless body, occasionally taking her hand and whimpering. Over the next few weeks, Flint grows increasingly listless, withdrawing from the troop
4、despite his siblings efforts to bring him backand refusing food. Three weeks after Flos death, the formerly healthy young chimp is dead, too.3.A grief-stricken chimpanzee? Leviathans in love? Most people, raised on Disney versions of sentient and passionate beasts, would say that these tales, both t
5、rue, simply confirm their suspicions that animals can feel intense, humanlike emotions. For their part, the nations 61 million pet owners need no convincing at all that pet dogs and cats can feel angry, morose, elated even jealous or embarrassed. Recent studies, in fields as distant as ethology and
6、neurobiology, are supporting this popular belief. Other evidence is merely anecdotal, especially for pets dogs that become depressed, or even die, after losing a beloved companion, for instance. But the anecdote or case study in scientific parlance has now achieved some respectability among research
7、ers who study animal behavior. As University of Colorado biologist Marc Bekoff says, “The plural of anecdote is data.”4.Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism
8、, the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to non-humans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods repeatable observations that can be manipulated in controlled experiments leading them to conclude that such f
9、eelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evidence to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.5.Even the most strident skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear which some scientists defin
10、e as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive, they say, and requires no conscious thought. Essential to escape predators and other dangers, fear and its predictable flight, fight, or freeze responses
11、 seems to be hard-wired into many species. Young geese that have never before seen a predator, for example, will run for cover if a hawk-shaped silhouette passes overhead. The shape of a nonpredatory bird, on the other hand, elicits no such response.6.But beyond such instinctual emotions and their p
12、redictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings those that entail mental processing is difficult to demonstrate. “I cant even prove that another human being is feeling happy or sad,” says Bekoff, “but I can deduce how theyre feeling through body language and facial e
13、xpression.” As a scientist who has conducted field studies of coyotes, foxes, and other canines for the past three decades, Bekoff also believes he can accurately tell what these animals are feeling by observing their behavior. He adds that animal emotions may actually be more knowable than those of
14、 humans, because they dont “filter” their feelings the way we do.7. Yet because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically, “most researchers dont even want to talk about animal emotions,” says Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio and author of
15、 Affective Neuroscience. Within his field, Panksepp is a rare exception, who believes that similarities between the brains of humans and other animals suggest that at least some creatures have true feelings. “Imagine where wed be in physics if we hadnt inferred whats inside the atom,” says Panksepp.
16、 “Most of what goes on in nature is invisible, yet we dont deny that it exists.”8. The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book, The
17、Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals from cats, dogs, bears, and chimps to birds, iguanas, and fish. Edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions, the volume has already
18、garnered scientific attention, including a Smithsonian Institution symposium on the subject.9. One of the most obvious animal emotions is pleasure. Anyone who has ever held a purring cat or been greeted by a bounding, barking, tail-wagging dog knows that animals often appear to be happy. Beastly joy
19、 seems particularly apparent when the animals are playing with one another or sometimes, in the case of pets, with people.10.Virtually all young mammals, as well as some birds, play, as do adults of many species such as our own. Young dolphins, for instance, routinely chase each other through the wa
20、ter like frolicsome puppies and have been observed riding the wakes of boats like surfers. Primatologist Jane Goodall, who has studied chimpanzees in Tanzania for four decades, says that chimps “chase, somersault, and pirouette around one another with the abandon of children.” In Colorado, Bekoff on
21、ce watched an elk race back and forth across a patch of snow even though there was plenty of bare grass nearby leaping and twisting its body in midair on each pass. Though recent research suggests that play may help youngsters develop skills needed in adulthood, Bekoff says theres no question that i
22、ts also fun. “Animals at play are symbols of the unfettered joy of life,” he says11. Grief also seems to be common in the wild, particularly following the death of a mate, parent, offspring, or even close companion. Female sea lions witnessing their pups being eaten by killer whales are known to act
23、ually wail. When a goose, which mates for life, loses its partner, the birds head and body droop dejectedly. Goodall, who saw the young chimp Flint starve after his mother died, maintains that the animal “died of grief.”12. Elephants may be natures best-known mourners. Scientists studying these behe
24、moths have reported countless cases of elephants trying to revive dead or dying family members, as well as standing quietly beside an animals remains for many days, periodically reaching out and touching the body with their trunks. Kenyan biologist Joyce Poole, who has studied African elephants sinc
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