1489.功能角色传播学概论报告.doc
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1、角色(ROLE) 一、传播学类百科全书21、Encyclopedia of communication and information Volume2 G20-61 En19, p37222、Websters new world:Dictionary of media and communications G20-61 w431 P41023、The communication hand book: a dictionary2二、心理学类百科全书31、社会心理学词典32、Encyclopedia of psychology33、当代西方心理学新词典54、The encyclopedia of
2、human behavior vol.265、简明心理学词典 B84-61 24 P1957三、社会学百科全书71.Encyclopedia of sociology C61 en1972.The Social science Encyclopedia8四、引申概念8相关概念:9五、重要的研究成果9六、个人的整理与理解101角色概念的要点102角色的分类113角色理论的范畴:114角色理论的功能115角色理论的发展11七、检索作业心得12一、传播学类百科全书1、Encyclopedia of communication and information Volume2 G20-61 En19,
3、p372In most groups, particular roles (i.e., patterns of behavior) emerge. In a classic article on this subject, Kenneth Benne and Paul Sheats (1948) identified three broad categories of role that typically occur during group interactions: task completion roles, group building and support roles, and
4、individualistic roles. Task completion roles are those roles that are related to the completion of given job or activity. Examples of task completion roles include information seeker, information giver, recorder, coordinator, and evaluator-critic. Group building and support roles are those roles tha
5、t are related to encouraging the social development of the group. Examples of these roles include encourager, harmonizer, compromiser, gatekeeper/expediter, observer and follower. Individualistic roles are generally the less desirable roles. Those roles contribute negatively to the group both in ter
6、ms of progress toward completion of a task and group development and climate. Examples of individualistic roles include aggressor, blocker, recognition seeker, dominator, and special-interest pleader.2、Websters new world:Dictionary of media and communications G20-61 w431 P410Role: A character or par
7、t; characteristic social behavior of an individual. 3、The communication hand book: a dictionary G206-61 d496 P269Role: The part an individual plays in a group, and individuals function and expected behavior两个定义的差异:第一个定义用了social, 第二个用了in a group,强调它的社会性两者都强调它是一种个人的行为,不同的是第一个强调行为的特征性, 而第二个则将行为细化为“func
8、tion and expected behavior”,强调了功能性和期望。二、心理学类百科全书1、社会心理学词典 B894: C91 33 P145-149角色原是戏剧、电影中的名词。也称“脚色”,指戏剧中的人物。社会心理学的“角色”概念,则是指与一定社会位置相联系的行为模式,是占有某一社会位置的人应有的行为表现(如应尽的义务,能享受的权利等)。它规定了一个人活动的特定范围,即应该做什么,不应该做什么,其中也包含有对人对己的感情、态度和价值观等心理成份。任何角色都不是孤立存在的,而是有其对应的角色伴侣,如丈夫和妻子,父母和子女、老师与学生、医生与病人等等,相互之间的权利和义务是紧密联系的。任
9、何人都不能摆脱一定的角色束缚,但由于个人性格、文化水平和负责程度也不同。理想角色与实际角色是有差别的。当人们不能省仍自己的角色时便产生了“角色差距”,当一个人不能同时扮演几个角色而造成内心矛盾时便产生“角色冲突”。2、Encyclopedia of psychologyB84-61/En19k(v.7)Role ThoeryA role is comprehensive pattern of behavior and attitude that linked to an identity, is socially identified more or less clearly as an en
10、tity, and is subject to being played recognizably by different individuals. Basic roles, like those attached to gender and age identities, are the most inclusive, affecting what is expected of an individual in a wide variety of situations. Position or status roles, like family occupational roles, ar
11、e linked to statuses in particular settings, though they vary in how much they carry over into other situation (a banker who gambles on his day off may be suspect) Functional group roles, such as “mediator” “devils advocate” and “counselor” emerge informally as individuals acquire situational identi
12、ties during sustained interaction in a group setting.Value roles, like hero, saint, and villain, develop around very positively or negatively valued activity.The term role theory refers to a loose collection of generalizations about 1) The organization of roles to society and groups2) The processes
13、of interaction between incumbents of different roles3) The way individuals learn and manage the diverse complements of roles that they play under various circumstance.Underlying assumptions are that social interaction are all levels from the dyad to entire societies tends to be organized into cluste
14、rs of behaviors that are thought to belong together, that individuals orient their social behavior in terms of roles they play and roles they tribute to others, that judgments if adequate or inadequate role performance constitute a major basis for assessing the worth of individuals, and that Meaning
15、s are ascribed to actions according to the role that are presumed to manifest. The stability of its system of roles and of the relationship between actors and their roles depends on three variable functionality-the degree to which the role constituents an effective strategy for dealing with relevant
16、 situations: responsibilitythe extent to which the cost/benefit ration for the role incumbent is acceptable. The concept of role came into general use in the behavioral sciences during the 1920s and 1930w by analogy to the theater, where the same actor might play very different parts in different pl
17、ays, and different actors could play the sane part quiet similarly. In the most important early formulations, G. H. Mead stressed a reciprocity of role-Taking and roles role-playing. Anthropologists R. Linton (1936) identified roles as components of culture, which every social status having its acco
18、mpanying role, and T. Newcomb (1950) made role a central concept in his formulation of filed of social psychology. Approaches to the theory are most broadly classified as either structural or international. Strcuralists, following Linton, see role as sets of behavioral prescriptions attached to posi
19、tions in organizations and statues in society. Roles are therefore best described as catalogues of specific expected behaviors, complemented by sets of privileges, R Merton (1957) introduced a more dynamic version of structural theory in which the incumbent of any position is said to play somewhat d
20、ifferent roles in response to the varied exceptions of different significant others. These several roles linked to any given position are called a role-set. Interactional approaches, drawing upon G. H. Mead, shift the emphasis from conformity to role making (Turner, 1962). By imaginatively taking th
21、e role of other, the roles incumbent improvises a suitable course of action that combines elements of creativity with conformity. People perceive and act as if role contents were definite and consensual, which often accepting quite unexpected behavior as a suitable or understandable manifestation of
22、 a role. At the heart of interpersonal, group, and inter-group processes is the allocation of roles, which involves negation between assignment to a role by others and adoption or acceptance of a role by the actor. A process of altercating has been identified in which an actor attempts to entice or
23、force others to play those roles that enable the focal person to play a preferred role. Crucial in acceptance of a system of roles as the basis for interaction are assigning and weighting of rights and duties.3、当代西方心理学新词典B84-61 19 p167亦称“脚色”,原是戏剧用语,指舞台戏剧中的人物。20世纪20年代,美国社会心理学家米德(G Mead)首先将其引入社会心理学,称为
24、社会角色,只有人的社会地位决定的行为方式。包括三种含义:1)体现特定的社会角色的一套社会行为方式;2)反映个体在社会生活群体中所处的位置和身份,3)个体按照社会期望去履行责任和义务的行为规范。其本质是社会对队色的客观期望与个人主观扮演能力的统一。最有影响力的角色理论是米德的“符号互动理论”。他将角色与互动结合在一起,指出互动式角色的互动,角色也是通过互动形成和表现自己的,是在人际符号互动中尝试和创造的结果。美国人类学家林顿(Linton, R.)提出了社会地位是角色的客观属性的反映。当个体根据他在社会中所处的地位而实现自己的权利和义务时,他就扮演者相同的角色。这对研究角色的本质具有深刻的意义。
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