传染病学英文名词解释 简答.docx

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1、传染病学英文名词解释 简答Part Noun explanation 1. convert infection/subclinical infection(隐性感染/亚临床感染)：it means only a special immune response without or with very mild damage to the host after the agent entered which can be diagnosed by serologic means with demonstration of either a single high titer or a fourf

2、old rise in titer to the infection. It is the most common model. 2. carrier state(病原携带状态)：it is a person who is colonized with an organism but shows no evidence of disease, although disease may have been present earlier. A carrier is a very important source of infection as the organisms can be disse

3、minated from him. 3. source of infection(传染源)： it is referred to a person or animal in which the pathogen stay and multiply and can be disseminated . 4. route of transmission(传播途径): the route the pathogen entered another susceptible after been disseminated from the source of infection. 5. susceptibl

4、e(易感者): it is referred to a person who lacks immunity to a specific infectious disease. 6. relapse(复发)：it means the return of symptoms after they have apparently ceased during convalescence which is caused by the multiplication of the pathogen in the host. It is often seen in typhoid fever, malaria,

5、 et al. 7. recrudescence(再燃): it means the reappearance of symptoms after temporary cessation. 8. spider angiomata(蜘蛛痣)：Spider angiomata are small red macules with fine red lines radiating from it like spider legs. They blanch when compressed(压之褪色). They represent tiny dilated collateral blood vesse

6、ls and are seen in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. 9. window phase：The window phase is the time from exposure to the organism until one is tested positive for the infection. Someone in the window phase may test negative but actually be positive and able to spread the organism. 10. stre

7、et strain(野毒株/街毒株): it is referred to rabies virus isolated from the naturally infected animals or human with strong pathogenecity and long incubation period. 11. fixed strain(固定毒株): After being subcultured in rabbit brain for many times (at least 50 times), the virulence of the street strain decrea

8、sed greatly, but its immunogenicity remained. It is called fixed strain and often used for vaccine production. 1 12. Negri body: Negri body is pathognomonic for rabies virus infection. It is oval eosinophilic neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion measuring 3-10 micron in diameter. They are most consistenet

9、ly seen in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum. 13. septicemia(败血症)：Septicemia is an acute generalized infection caused by the invasion into the blood stream of a pathogenic or an opportunistic organism. While staying persistently and multiplying rapidly in the blood

10、stream, these organisms liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit general toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various organs. 14. rose spots(玫瑰疹)：They are blanking pink macular spots 2-4 mm in diameter at day 713 of typhoid fever. The rash is seen most commonly on the thorax and abdomen, rarely on

11、 back and the extremities. 15. herxheimer reaction(赫氏反应): It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs (mainly antibiotics) to treat individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an increase in the symptoms of the treated condition. 16. ectopic lesion(异位损害): the schistoso

12、me eggs and/or adult worm migrate and parasitize the organs outside the portal venous system and cause damages. It is relatively high in lung and brain. 17. Hepatorenal syndrome: Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver disease. The exact cause of hepatorenal s

13、yndrome is unknown. The kidney structure remains essentially normal and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected. 18. Widals test: A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual

14、 having typhoid fever; used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi. 19. Dane particle: It is complete virion of HBV，and it is composed of envelop and nucleus. There are HBsAg、glucoprotein and fatty in the envelop，and HBV-DNA, DNAp, HbcAg in the nucleus.It is the replicon of HBV.

15、 20. SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome:with two or more of following conditions:fever(38)or hypothemia(36） tachypnea or PaCO24.3 Kpa tachycardia (heart rate 90 beats/min) leukocytosis(12109/L) or 2 leucopenia(4109/L). Part : 1. the five manifestation of infection(感染过程的五种表现) l l l Pathoge

16、n is killed or eliminated; Covert infection or subclinical infection, it is usually the most common; Overt infection or clinical infection: the pathogen enter the host and caused damages as well as immunological response. It is usually easy to be recognized in clinics. l l Carrier state: It is a ver

17、y important source of infection; Latent infection: it is usually seen in herpesviridae, tuberculosis, malaria, et al. 2. Please describe briefly the factors involved in the pathogenecity of a pathogen(致病能力包括哪几个方面)? l Invasiveness: the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissues; l Viru

18、lence: it is consists of toxins and other virulent factors; l Quantity: bigger quantity, stronger pathogenecity in the same disease; l Variability: The pathogen may mutate under the pressure of the environment or host. 3. the prerequisite of an epidemic of a communicable disease?(传染病流行的必要条件) Three p

19、rerequisite are required for a communicable disease to spread. First, there must be a source of infection which disseminate pathogen continuously. Second, there must some persons who lack special immunity to the disease, ie, susceptible. Last, the pathogen must reach the susceptible, the route of tr

20、ansmission. 4. the basic characteristic of communicable disease? The main difference between communicable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics. All communicable diseases are infectious diseases and both are caused by a pathogen. But the former have infectivity/

21、 communicability, it is the main difference between them. And communicable diseases have some epidemiological feature. In addition, there is post-infection immunity no matter covert infection or overt infection. 5. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis/hepatitis gravi

22、s(重型肝炎的诊断标准)? 3 Fulminant hepatitis is a rare syndrome usually associated with hepatitis B. It is characterized by rapid clinical deterioration. Its diagnostic criteria in our country is: l l l l l l l Severe digestive disorder: poor feeding, nausea and frequent vomiting, fatigue; Progressively deep

23、ened jaundice; Hepatoencephalopathy; Hepatorenal syndrome; Decreased volume of liver; Bleeding pronenss; Rapidly increased ascites 6. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of cholestatic hepatitis？ l Clinical symptoms: Jaundice is the main manifestation and it lasts longer than three weeks.

24、 Skin itch is usually more severe at night. Rashes can occur on the neck, chest, back, and wrists. Stool color becomes lighter and urine color becomes darker. Although there can be many symptoms, the patient usually will not feel extremely ill. l Laboratory tests: Direct bilirubin in the serum eleva

25、ted and its proportion is more than 60% of the total bilirubin. Serum combined bile acid elevated to 10 to 20 times higher than the normal range. AKP, GGT, cholesterol, and 5- nucleotidase are obviously elevated, and the ALT elevation is moderate. l B-Ultrasound: It can distinguish intra or extra li

26、ver obstruction. 7. common / main manifestation of acute viral hepatitis？ l Malaise, anorexia, fever, dark urine, pale stools, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain and tender hepatomegaly; l l l Increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, prothrombin time and globulin; Serum positive for hepatic v

27、irus; May have history of recent ingestion of undercooked shellfish or sewage-contaminated water. 8.the key points of blood culture before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever； repeat more than 3 times； the amount of the blood sample should be10ml in adults or older children

28、, 5ml in 4 infants； blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture. bone marrow culture is recommended; drug sensitivity test is very necessary. 9. therapeutic principals of fulminant meningococcal meningitis? specific antibiotics should b

29、e given intravenously promptly. The preferred drug is penicillin; anti-shock therapy; use of glucocorticoids(糖皮质激素) such as methylprednisolone or DXM; if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high, measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated; anticoagu

30、lant therapy if DIC is present; supportive therapy to maintain vital organs. 10 main manifestations of acute schistosomiasis? The majority of infected person are asymptomatic or have mild, nonspecific symptoms. Only 5 to 10 percent of infected populations have severe clinical symptoms. They include

31、chills, spiking fever, generalized weakness, myalgia, headache, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, and weight loss. Extensive urticaria may occur in large patches on various parts of the body. Nausea and vomiting are common and cough may be prominent. The fever usually lyses spontaneously 2 to10 weeks afte

32、r onset. Physical findings are usually minimal but many include urticaria, patches of moist rales over both lung fields, generalized lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Marked elevation of peripheral blood eosinophilia is common. 11. Hemodialysis indication : Oliguric lasts4d，or anuria 24h Conc

33、entration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased:BuN28.56mmol/l High catabolism state Hyperkalemia, Pulmonary edema or hypervolemic syndrome 12. Please describe the clinical manifestitation of typhoid fever at fastigium stage. 5 sustained fever、 relative bradycardia、 rose spots、 symptom of gastrointestinal system、 symptom of central nervous system、 hepatosplenomegaly 6