托福阅读如何拿到28分.doc

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1、托福阅读如何拿到28分 托福考试中阅读如何拿高分，整理了一些攻略托福阅读高分的技巧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读如何拿到28分分数要求想得28分以上，一般就是错3个左右，也就是不含加试一篇一个。我给自己的要求：不能错词汇题以外的任何题阅读时间：15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇)13道题中除了4道词汇题(30)1道多选题(130)之外，其他题目基本(1)一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇*偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。在题目上一般是(细节 词汇，细节 作用， 细

2、节 词汇， 细节 词汇 改写， 细节 词汇， 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n.)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。简单的*可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单*。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的方法去读的话，20分钟一般都是够用的。我的阅读障碍：速度：1大概150-170字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。新托福阅读真题训练技巧：1，粗看下*的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对*的整体意思心中有

3、数。2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是。(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色，这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列，如下)红黄绿红黄绿4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看*，鉴于有四个选项，选一个

4、对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤， 解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。新托福阅读真题做题策略：词汇题、句子改写题只读该句不读完整段(30 . + 1.1)耗时3分钟词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人，是物)，保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of th

5、e worlds finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern AndesMountainsof Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但是看task本身，skilled task这种说法小奇怪，一般是skilled workers，所以选AThe word “arduous” in the passage is closest inmeaning toDifficultNeces

6、sarySkilledShared词汇题对于我一直是难点超爱错，猜出来的，如果有时间检查一定要再看一下，从ETS出题的角度考虑。托福阅读技巧的整理1.单词：想要做好托福阅读，背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需要考生自己完成任务。但是尤为重要的一点是，托福考试中，对单词的考查不仅仅是背过单词含义就可以，更重要的是要学会应用，学会在*中理解使用单词。2.句子：在托福阅读材料中，*中的句子多是长句，有时候一个句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主从复合句，以中式的思维逻辑来学习会很不习惯，不能适应句子的语序。这就需要托福考生在平时的训练中多读多看，扩大泛读。3.段落：托福阅读的*大多都是学术性比较强的*，

7、在学习中，对于段落的安排和段与段之间的的关系问题也是托福阅读技巧中的一部分。对此，大家还是应该选举则一篇*来一仔细研究，找出其中的关系之后，其他的*就好办多了。4.篇章：像托福的题型之一-小结题，就会用到对全篇的把握和理解。掌握对于全文的思维路线做这类题就会比较容易了。对于全文的拐角，转弯处把握好了，全文的意思也就差不多了。做题的时候还有注意对细节的把握。托福阅读推理题的解析推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG， 在IBT 阅读的3篇*中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断

8、题。一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路：1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的

9、特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with s

10、ome of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.(B) The perc

11、entage of the total population working in agriculture declined.(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：1.日期和数字。2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , so

12、me, much of, several , a few ,most ;情态动词：may, can , could;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。托福阅读练习：jazz的完整历史The roots of jazzThe folk songs and plantation dance music of black Americans contributed much to early jazz. These forms of music occ

13、urred throughout the Southern United States during the late 1800s.Ragtime, a musical style that influenced early jazz, emerged from the St. Louis, Mo., area in the late 1890s. It quickly became the most popular music style in the United States. Ragtime was an energetic and syncopated variety of musi

14、c, primarily for the piano, that emphasized formal composition.The blues is a form of music that has always been an important part of jazz. The blues was especially widespread in the American South. Its mournful scale and simple repeated harmonies helped shape the character of jazz. Jazz instrumenta

15、lists have long exploited the blues as a vehicle for improvisation.Early jazz.Fully developed jazz music probably originated in New Orleans at the beginning of the 1900s. New Orleans style jazz emerged from the citys own musical traditions of band music for black funeral processions and street parad

16、es. Today, this type of jazz is sometimes called classic jazz, traditional jazz, or Dixieland jazz. New Orleans was the musical home of the first notable players and composers of jazz, including cornetists Buddy Bolden and King Oliver, cornetist and trumpeter Louis Armstrong, saxophonist and clarine

17、tist Sidney Bechet, and pianist Jelly Roll Morton.Jazz soon spread from New Orleans to other parts of the country. Fate Marable led a New Orleans band that played on riverboats traveling up and down the Mississippi River. King Oliver migrated to Chicago, and Jelly Roll Morton performed throughout th

18、e United States. Five white musicians formed a band in New Orleans, played in Chicago, and traveled to New York City, calling themselves the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (the spelling was soon changed to Jazz). This group made the earliest jazz phonograph recordings in 1917. Mamie Smith recorded Cra

19、zy Blues in 1920, and recordings of ragtime, blues, and jazz of various kinds soon popularized the music to a large and eager public.The 1920sThe 1920s have been called the golden age of jazz or the jazz age. Commercial radio stations, which first appeared in the 1920s, featured live performances by

20、 the growing number of jazz musicians. New Orleans; Memphis; St. Louis; Kansas City, Missouri; Chicago; Detroit; and New York City were all important centers of jazz.A group of Midwest youths, many from Chicagos Austin High School, developed a type of improvisation and arrangement that became known

21、as Chicago style jazz. These musicians included trumpeters Jimmy McPartland and Muggsy Spanier; cornetist Bix Beiderbecke; clarinetists Frank Teschemacher, Pee Wee Russell, Mezz Mezzrow, and Benny Goodman; saxophonists Frankie Trumbauer and Bud Freeman; drummers Dave Tough, George Wettling, and Gene

22、 Krupa; and guitarist Eddie Condon. They played harmonically inventive music, and the technical ability of some of the players, especially Goodman, was at a higher level than that of many earlier performers.In New York City, James P. Johnson popularized a new musical style from ragtime called stride

23、 piano. In stride piano, the left hand plays alternating single notes and chords that move up and down the scale while the right hand plays solo melodies, accompanying rhythms, and interesting chordal passages. Johnson strongly influenced other jazz pianists, notably Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art

24、 Tatum, Fats Waller, and Teddy Wilson.Fletcher Henderson was the first major figure in big band jazz. In 1923, he became the first leader to organize a jazz band into sections of brass, reed, and rhythm instruments. His arranger, Don Redman, was the first to master the technique of scoring music for

25、 big bands. Various Henderson bands of the 1920s and 1930s included such great jazz instrumentalists as Louis Armstrong and saxophonists Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins.Armstrong made some of his most famous recordings with his own Hot Five and Hot Seven combos from 1925 to 1928. These recordings r

26、ank among the masterpieces of jazz, along with his duo recordings of the same period with pianist Earl Fatha Hines. Armstrong also became the first well-known male jazz singer, and popularized scat singing-that is, wordless syllables sung in an instrumental manner.During the late 1920s and early 193

27、0s, jazz advanced from relatively simple music played by performers who often could not read music to a more complex and sophisticated form. Among the musicians who brought about this change were saxophonists Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins, and Johnny Hodges; the team of violinist Joe Venuti and guit

28、arist Eddie Lang; and pianist Art Tatum. Many people consider Tatum the most inspired and technically gifted improviser in jazz history.The swing era flourished from the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s. In 1932, Duke Ellington recorded his composition It Dont Mean a Thing If It Aint Got That Swing. Swing

29、 was soon adopted as the name of the newest style of jazz. Swing emphasizes four beats to the bar. Big bands dominated the swing era, especially those of Count Basie, Benny Goodman, and Duke Ellington.Benny Goodman became known as the King of Swing. Starting in 1934, Goodmans bands and combos brough

30、t swing to nationwide audiences through ballroom performances, recordings, and radio broadcasts. Goodman was the first white bandleader to feature black and white musicians playing together in public performances. In 1936, he introduced two great black soloists-pianist Teddy Wilson and vibraphonist

31、Lionel Hampton. Until then, racial segregation had held back the progress of jazz and of black musicians in particular. In 1938, Goodman and his band, and several guest musicians, performed a famous concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Their performance was one of the first by jazz musicians i

32、n a concert hall setting.Other major bands of the swing era included those led by Benny Carter, Bob Crosby, Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Woody Herman, Earl Hines, Andy Kirk, Jimmie Lunceford, Glenn Miller, Artie Shaw, Chick Webb, and, toward the end of the period, Stan Kenton. The bands in Kansas Cit

33、y, Missouri, especially the Count Basie band, had a distinctive swing style. These bands relied on the 12-bar blues form and riff backgrounds, which consisted of repeated simple melodies. They depended less heavily on written arrangements, allowing more leeway for rhythmic drive and for extended sol

34、o improvisations.Boogie-woogieBoogie-woogie was another jazz form that became popular during the 1930s. Chiefly a piano style, it used eight beats to the bar instead of four. Boogie-woogie featured the traditional blues pattern for most themes. The music had an intense quality that created excitemen

35、t through the repetition of a single phrase. Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson, Meade Lux Lewis, and Pinetop Smith were among its most important artists.Jazz vocalists came into prominence during the swing era, many singing with big bands. Many fine jazz singers emphasized popular songs. These singers inc

36、luded Mildred Bailey, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Nat King Cole, Carmen McRae, and Sarah Vaughan. Blues singing at its best can be heard in recordings by Jimmy Rushing, Jack Teagarden, Joe Turner, and Dinah Washington. In addition to singing, Nat King Cole was a superb jazz pianist and Jack Tea

37、garden was a great jazz trombonist. See also Special Reports: Ella Fitzgerald: First Lady of Song.BebopIn the early 1940s, a group of young musicians began experimenting with more complicated chord patterns and melodic ideas in a combo setting. The group included trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, alto saxo

38、phonist Charlie Parker, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk, and drummers Kenny Clarke and Max Roach. The style they developed became known as bebop or bop.Most bop musicians had an exceptional technique. They played long, dazzling phrases with many notes, difficult intervals, unexpected breaks,

39、 and unusual turns in melodic direction. On slower tunes, they displayed a keen ear for subtle changes of harmony. Only extremely skilled musicians were able to play bebop well, and only sophisticated listeners at first appreciated it.In bebop performances, musicians usually played an intricate melo

40、dy, followed with long periods of solo improvisation, and restated the theme at the end. The bassist presented the basic beat for the group by plucking a steady, moving bass line. The drummer elaborated the beat with sticks or brushes on cymbals, snare drum, and tom-tom. The bass drum was reserved f

41、or unexpected accents called bombs. The pianist inserted complex chords at irregular intervals to suggest, rather than state, the complete harmonies of the piece.Hard bopBebop was followed in the 1950s by hard bop, or funk, jazz. This form emphasized some of the traditional values of jazz derived fr

42、om gospel and blues music, including rhythmic drive, uninhibited tone and volume, and freedom from restricting arrangements. The hard bop leaders were drummer Art Blakey and pianist Horace Silver. Blakey led a combo called the Jazz Messengers from the mid-1950s until his death in 1990. The Jazz Mess

43、engers served as a training ground for many of the greatest soloists in jazz history. Trumpeter Clifford Brown and drummer Max Roach were co-leaders of another outstanding hard bop combo.Cool jazzCool jazz originated in the works of such musicians as tenor saxophonist Lester Young, who starred with

44、Count Basie, and guitarist Charlie Christian, who played with Benny Goodman. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, these musicians made changes in the sound and style of jazz improvisation. For example, they softened the tones of their instruments, used syncopation more subtly, and played with a more e

45、ven beat.In 1948, tenor saxophonist Stan Getz recorded a slow, romantic solo of Ralph Burnss composition Early Autumn with the Woody Herman band. This work profoundly influenced many younger musicians. In 1949 and 1950, a group of young musicians that included trumpeter Miles Davis, alto saxophonist

46、 Lee Konitz, baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan, and arranger Gil Evans recorded several new compositions. These recordings emphasized a lagging beat, soft instrumental sounds, and unusual orchestrations that included the first successful use of the French horn and the tuba in modern jazz. The reco

47、rdings, with Davis as leader, were later released as Birth of the Cool.During the 1950s, many combos became identified with the cool movement. Some of the most successful combos were the Gerry Mulligan Quartet, the Modern Jazz Quartet, and the Dave Brubeck Quartet.The spread of jazz.In the 1940s and

48、 1950s, the sophisticated forms of bebop and cool jazz began to gain wide acceptance among intellectuals and college students. Jazz concerts became popular. Groups of jazz stars made a series of international tours called Jazz at the Philharmonic. The international growth of jazz resulted in many successful overseas tours by U.S. bands and combos.The introduction of the 331/3 rpm long-playing (LP) record, which was first produced commercially in 1948, also helped spread the popularity of jazz. For 30 y