TOEFL阅读理解真题整合.doc

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1、TOEFL阅读理解真题整合 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读真题1Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate i

2、ce crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further c

3、ompact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallizati

4、on, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meter

5、s deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level wit

6、hin the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid roc

7、k deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventua

8、l melting of ice.1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effect of glaciers on climate(B) Damage from glaciers(C) Glacier formation(D) The location of glaciers2. Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?(A) Increased water and air content(B)

9、Pressure from the weight of new snow(C) Long periods of darkness and temperature variations(D) Movement of the glacier3. The word bound in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) covered(B) chosen(C) planned(D) held4. Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms?(A) Air(B) Pressure(C) Weight(D)

10、 Rocks5. According to the passage , which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary forglacial ice to form?(A) several months(B) several years(C) at least fifty years(D) a century6. The word converted in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) changed(B) delayed(C) promoted(D) dissolved7. W

11、hat is the purpose of the material in paragraph three?(A) To define two types of glaciers(B) To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice(C) To present theories of glacier formation(D) To discuss the similarities between glacial types8. In temperate glaciers, where is water found?(A) Only near the s

12、urface(B) In pools of various depths(C) In a thin layer below the firm(D) In tunnels9. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) formation(B) ice(C) thickness(D) weight10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier(A) can revert to a fluffy mass(B) maintains the same shape throughout the gl

13、acial process(C) is too cold to be thoroughly studied(D) can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceansPASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD托福阅读真题2Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets. An

14、 important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions. Others

15、, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their Pleistocene overkill hypothesis, they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during whi

16、ch mammoths, giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history. Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect ways. Besides overhunting,

17、at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested: direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may hav

18、e been unable to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people.Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf prey upon large mammals, they genera

19、lly take high proportions of each years crop of young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replaced them, they may have allowed more young to

20、survive each year, gradually increasing the populations of favored species. As these populations expanded, they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche, forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters played an indi

21、rect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch(D) The change in

22、climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch2. The word Undoubtedly in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) occasionally(B) unexpectedly(C) previously(D) certainly3. The word components in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) parts(B) problems(C) changes(D) varieties4. Which of the following is mentioned

23、 as supporting the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis?(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major extinctions occurred.(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by humans.(D) Humans began

24、to keep and care for certain animals.5. The word Besides in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) caused by(B) whereas(C) in addition to(D) in favor of6. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 17 as an example of a carnivore that(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch(B) was unusually

25、large for its time(C) was not able to compete with humans(D) caused the extinction of several species7. The word they in line 22 refers to(A) human hunters(B) game animals(C) other predators(D) large mammals8. According to the passage , what is one difference between the hunting done by some humansa

26、nd the hunting done by gray wolves?(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate their efforts on

27、younganimals.9. The word favored in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) escaping(C) preferred(D) local10. According to the passage , the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have resulted from(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals(B) large animals moving into a new envir

28、onment(C) humans hunting some species more than others(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animalsPASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC托福阅读真题3Under the Earths topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to

29、see exposed clay beds; or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible. What is clay made of? The Earths surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that gradually decomposes

30、 into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers all of these forces slowly break down the Earths exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.Rocks are

31、composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral on the Earths surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite roc

32、ks, and as such it is the basis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intens

33、e heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highl

34、y fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware flower

35、pot.1. The authors main point in paragraph 1 is that clay deposits(A) conceal layers of rock(B) can be found in various places(C) are usually small(D) must be removed from construction sites2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following are

36、as?(A) in desert sand dunes(B) in forests(C) on hillsides(D) near rivers3. The word accessible in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) buried(B) improved(C) available(D) workable4. According to the passage , rock breaks down into clay under all of the following conditionsEXCEPT when(A) it is exposed t

37、o freezing and thawing(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks(C) it is combined with alkalis(D) natural forces wear away the Earths crust5. Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10?(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay.(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay.(C) Its presence in

38、dicates inferior clay.(D) It is a major component of clay.6. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) iron(B) feldspar(C) granite(D) clay7. Based on the information in the passage , it can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOSTappropriate for making objects that(A) must be strong(B) can be porous(C) ha

39、ve a smooth texture(D) are highly decorated8. The phrase account for in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) reduce(B) explain(C) combine with(D) list all of9. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the Earth.(B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt when fired.(C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate for making china teacups.(D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will become nonporous.PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC