TOEFL阅读背景知识2020.doc
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1、TOEFL阅读背景知识2020 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试,给大家整理新托福阅读背景知识,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。新托福阅读背景知识:地球的旋转时间变短地球的旋转时间变短We have been talking about some of the effects that the human beings had on the earth. One you may not be aware of is that we actually begin to change the length of the day. In the other way to say, one day is
2、the amount of time the earth needs to spin completely around an axis, the imaginary line around the center of the earth, from the north to the south. And of course there are a lot of physical causes that can affect the speed of the earths rotation, but there was only one that is direct result of the
3、 human activity. Since 1950, human beings have built about ten thousand artificial reservoirs all over the world. These reservoirs have redistributed tremendous amount of the earth water. When they are used to be in the area near the equator, the imaginary line surround the middle of the earth, its
4、now the reservoirs in the areas of different latitudes. The latitude matters because, well, thinking the earth and axis, the equator contains the areas on the earth that are the farthest away from axis. So water has been redistributed from the equator regions, then wherever the water is, to its clos
5、e to the earth axis. Its like when ice skaters perform spins when those skaters put their arms enclose to their bodies, they spin faster. So the earth is spinning faster because the reservoirs have redistributed the water close to its axis. And because the earth was spinning faster, since 1950 the l
6、ength of day has decreased by about 8 millionths of second. I know that doesnt sound like much but significant in that this is the first time that human beings ever had measurable affect on the earths motion.新托福阅读背景知识:潮汐发电潮汐发电凡在海边上生活过的人都知道,海水时进时退,海面时涨时落。海水的这种自然涨落现象就是人们常说的的潮汐。潮汐是由月球的引潮力可使海面升高0.246米,在
7、两者的共同作用下,潮汐的最大潮差为8.9米;北美芬迪湾蒙克顿港最大潮差竟达19米.据计算,世界海洋潮汐能蕴藏量约为27亿千瓦,若全部转换成电能,每年发电量大约为1.2万亿度。潮汐发电严格地讲应称为“潮汐能发电”,潮汐能发电仅是海洋能发电的一种,但是它是海洋能利用中发展最早、规模最大、技术较成熟的一种。现代海洋能源开发主要就是指利用海洋能发电。利用海洋能发电的方式很多,其中包括波力发电、潮汐发电、潮流发电、海水温差发电和海水含盐浓度差发电等,而国内外已开发利用海洋能发电主要是潮汐发电。由于潮汐发电的开发成本较高和技术上的原因,所以发展不快。潮汐发电与水力发电的原理相似,它是利用潮水涨、落产生的水
8、位差所具有势能来发电的,也就是把海水涨、落潮的能量变为机械能,再把机械能转变为电能(发电)的过程。具体地说,潮汐发电就是在海湾或有潮汐的河口建一拦水堤坝,将海湾或河口与海洋隔开构成水库,再在坝内或坝房安装水轮发电机组,然后利用潮汐涨落时海水位的升降,使海水通过轮机转动水轮发电机组发电。由于潮水的流动与河水的流动不同,它是不断变换方向的,因此就使得潮汐发电出现了不同的型式,例如:单库单向型,只能在落潮时发电。单库双向型:在涨、落潮时都能发电。双库双向型:可以连续发电,但经济上不合算,未见实际应用。 4潮汐发电的实际应用应首推1912年在德国的胡苏姆兴建的一座小型潮汐电站,由此开始把潮汐发电的理想
9、变为现实。世界上第一座具有经济价值,而且也是目前世界上最大的潮汐发电站,是1966年在法国西部沿海建造的朗斯洛潮汐电站,它使潮汐电站进入了实用阶段,其装机容量为24千瓦,年均发电量为5.44亿度。1968年原苏联巴伦支海建成的基斯洛潮汐电站,其总装机容量为800千瓦,年发电量为230万度。中国沿海已建成9座小型潮汐电站,1980年建成的江厦潮汐电站是我国第一座双向潮汐电站,也是目前世界上较大的一座双向潮汐电站,其总机容量为3200千瓦,年发电量为1070万度。新托福阅读背景知识:海水发电海水发电硕大无比的天然热库辽阔的海洋既是一个硕大无比的“储热库”,它大量地吸收着太阳能;同时它又是一台极其巨
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