如何应对托福阅读推理题.doc

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1、如何应对托福阅读推理题 托福阅读的推理题，难度排行仅次于*内容小结题，整理了一些阅读推理题的小攻略,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。如何应对托福阅读推理题步骤一：审题通过审题，确定本题的推理对象;步骤二：回原文中锁定推理对象的位置这时候又分两种情况，如果推理对象存在于原文某个句子中的其中一个分句或一个部分，则推理依据就在本句剩下的内容中;如果推理对象存在于原文一个完整的句子中，则推理依据需要结合上下文。比如下面这道题：(TPO24)By whatever means,a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water:its water do

2、es not just sit there,or,anyway,not for long.This raises the matter of a lakes residence time.The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake,and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves

3、the lake.The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time. It can be inferred

4、from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake A.depends entirely upon the average speed of a lakes currentsB.can be measured by the volume of the lake aloneC.can be greater or lesser than the residence time D.is similar to the length of time all other molecules

5、 remain in that lake首先审题，我们知道推理对象为the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake，然后通过定位，找到原文包含推理对象的句子，即原文最后一句话的后半句，“The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as p

6、art of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.”本句话以分号分成了前后两个分句，因此前一个分句也需要分析。前一个分句，即“The residence time is an average，停留时间是平均的”，这个信息点需要记住，接下来再把后半句看完。后半句，即“the time spent in the lake by a given molecule would depend on the route it took，一分子的水停留在

7、湖里的时间取决于它所走的路线”，隐含意思即水停留在湖里的时间是不固定的，走的路线是直线，则停留时间短，走的路线是循环的，则停留时间就长。结合前一个分句，可得出结论，一分子的水停留在湖里的时间可能比residence time长，也可能比它短，故答案为C。如何快速找出托福阅读推理题的推理依据托福阅读推理题的题干中常出现infer， imply ， most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原zd文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一版般来说

8、，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。文中的关键词，观权点，逻辑和平时的基本常识都是解决托福阅读题型这类问题的关键。托福阅读推理题套路大解读，玩溜了不怕题难A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are thre

9、e main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.1. Which of the followin

10、g statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1? It excludes interactions between more than two species. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small. Its role in the structure of biologica

11、l populations is a disruptive one.解法1：初学者在看到这样题目的时候，会先把*看完甚至翻译一遍，认为理解了自然就能选对答案。这是正确率最高最靠谱的做法，如果你第一次接触托福又没听过备考君的课，我会举起天上所有的星星推荐你这么做。但最大的缺陷是考试时无法在短时间内理解*并且做完题目。所以在阅读能力不是很强的时候，尽量不要使用看完*理解再做题的方法。解法2：定位规律? 题干关键词：commensalism? 文中定位点：There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commen

12、salism, and mutualism.有三种共生关系：寄生、共生、互利共栖。说的是题干关键词本身的内容，无法对应选项。? 再往后读啊读啊读理论上来说看到这里应该能得到答案了，但是看看选项? 共生关系不包括超过两个物种之间的相互作用 共生关系使得物种在生物团体中难以生存 共生关系在生物群体中的重要性是小的 共生关系在生物结构中的角色是引起混乱的选哪个?!正确答案是哪个啊?这里备考君要同学们学的是一个小套路，我们把文中内容和选项都理解后得到这样的一个逻辑：*：第一个和第三个在一个生物团体结构中是重要的;意思是，所有的有机体居住在一起并且在特定的区域相互作用。推理模式：第一个(寄生)和第三个(

13、互利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的第二个(共生)是不重要的所以选C这个切入点你发现了吗?但这样分析题目，对我们来说有什么实际的意义呢?(敲黑板!)同学们，这篇*的核心就是希望大家能高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题。于是，对于这道题来说发现一个能够广泛使用的规律，比起选出正确答案更有意义：让我们聊聊刚才在题目中的推理模式：第一个(寄生)和第三个(互利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的第二个(共生)是不重要的这个推理模式我叫做反义推理(有些老师也叫做反向推理、取非，意思一致)，是托福阅读推理题常用的推理模式，并且在细节题、否定事实信息题(NOT EXCEPT)和判断其他题型错误选项的时候经常

14、使用，也是最常见的一种思维模式。反义推理的核心来自于归约(reduction)，意思是当未知量与已知量看上去无法匹配的时候，在二者之间搭上一个桥梁来使得找答案变得更简单。让我们来看看类似题目中用到反义推理的高效表现：真题With questions such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a s

15、ample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of

16、solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils,

17、indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.4.Which of the following can be in

18、ferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer? It did not contain any marine fossil. It had formed in open-ocean conditions. It had once been soft, deep-sea mud. It contained sediment from nearby deserts.这道题很容易，和上一题是同样的套路? 题干关键词：the solid gypsum layer? 文中定位点： Sediment above and below the gyps

19、um layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.? 利用反义推理：在石膏层上面和下面的沉积层中包含小海洋化石石膏层不包含海洋化石? 所以选A而在我们熟练了在一个完整概念下不同因素之间的反义推理后(例如整体是【A,B,C】, 文中说AB重要则C不重要，AB有东西则C没有)，将完整概念拓展到时间点前后区分概念会使得做题变得更加的简单：真题Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of p

20、aradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators

21、) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian compose

22、r Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisensteins film The Battleship Potemkirf? The film was not accompanied by sound bef

23、ore its Berlin screening. The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin. Eisensteins film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer. Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.? 题干关键词：Eisensteins fil

24、m The Battleship Potemkirf，大写字母很容易找? 文中定位点： In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live

25、 music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.? 利用反义推理：在柏林首次公演在柏林之前没有演过? 所以选A对我们来说，掌握了时间点前后不一致，可以使用反义推理这个方法，能让我们更快的得到答案：真题The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually,

26、 Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the re

27、latively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic tim

28、e, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.5.It can be inferred from paragraph 2

29、 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age how far

30、south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age? 题干关键词： Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine? 文中定位点：We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.? 利用反义

31、推理：We now know Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine? 所以选B真题It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and

32、 fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attentio

33、n, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extin

34、ction.2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period? Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record. Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked. The most dramatic extinction episode occurred. Few microscopic species exis

35、ted.? 题干关键词： before the Cambrian period? 文中定位点： It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.? 利用反义推理：It was not

36、until the Cambrian period allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.? 所以选B反义推理这个模式还可以被用在NOT EXCEPT题当中：真题Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about

37、 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick hou

38、ses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by f

39、oot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.10.According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPT the domestication of animals the intensive hunting of gazelle the size of th

40、e settlement the design of the dwellings? 题干关键词： after 7000 B.C? 文中定位点：Then, about 7000 B.C但我的思考是，之后的内容对应选项则会成为正确的内容，而题目需要我们找到错误的内容并且选出来，那么，7000 BC之前的内容如果对应选项，就应该是错误的并且可以被选出来了，根据这个想法我们往前看? Five centuries later, about 7700 B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively.? 对应答案B