GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析.doc

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1、GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 规定时间内写出高分作文要做到这几点,快来一起学习吧，分享下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 规定时间内写出高分作文要做到这几点GRE作文评分比标准GRE作文满分为6分，以0.5分为最小计分单位，作文成绩单独计算，不计入语文数学部分的总分，对于大部分学校来说，4.5分左右的作文成绩就已经是比较好的分数，部分文科类专业也可能要求更高的分数。GRE写作Issue满分评分标准解读In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response p

2、resents a cogent, well-articulated examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.A typical paper in this category exhibits the following characteristics:1.articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task2.develops the position fully with comp

3、elling reasons and/or persuasive examples3.sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically4.conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety5.demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English(i.e., grammar, usage

4、and mechanics), but may have minor errors。标准解读要点 1：articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task关键词：insightful ，position，in accordance with1. insightful即Data Mining(数据挖掘)。GRE写作强调思辨，挖掘题目的核心概念十分必要。 例如GRE作文题库中有一道题目：事物的差异性重要还是相似性重要? “insightful”的分析应当是通过sim

5、ilarity 和 difference的现象看到背后所体现的本质-矛盾(paradox)的思想。 具体来说就是要学会观察相似事物的差异性，以及差异事物的相似性，辩证地分析事物。 因此本题真正考查的是“看待事物的方法论”, 而非简单的选择“哪一个重要”。2. position在GRE issue写作里，position不等于attitude，即立场不等于态度。 这又是GRE作文中对于逻辑辩证点的考查。 很多高分GRE*都是对一个事物的利弊进行具体问题的具体分析，而非进行倾向性的态度传递，这也符合事物的基本规律，即任何事物都具有两面性。 TOEFL独立写作非常强调态度的传达，但GRE作文更强调分

6、析事物的方法论和论证过程。3. in accordance with指切题(on-topic)的论述：论点、论据，论证要和题目要求一致，这个评分点和上文中insightful的要求一脉相承。 许多GRE issue题目的含义很难依赖字面意思来理解， 题目的“隐藏逻辑”和“隐藏含义”要求考生首先要准确地“审题”、思考题面背后的含义， 然后选择相关的论点和论据进行支撑。要点 2：develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples关键词：reasons, persuasive1. reasons

7、=reasoningGRE作文强调推理，并且推理的过程远重要于推理的结果。在GRE作文里，解释Why比给出What 更重要，因为考官是通过审视推理过程来判断考生的逻辑陈述能力。 因此建议考生在准备GRE作文时，应把重点放在分析推理上，而不是频频给出各类结论。2. persuasive=relevant在GRE作文里，考生给出的所有例证都要有说服力。要有说服力，首先要与文中的论证相关。无论例证是来自西方世界还是中国，相关的例子才是和论证匹配的内容。要点 3：sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas log

8、ically关键词：analysis, logically1. analysisGRE写作强调论述过程与分析过程，而非结论本身。2. logically“GRE写作的逻辑”包含形式逻辑和内容逻辑: 形式逻辑就是指*起承转合的逻辑信号、逻辑连接词。它们连接不同的内容,使行文显得有层次。内容逻辑就是指*含义推导过程的严密性，和我们后文即将解读的排序方式是高度相关的。要点 4：conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety关键词：effective, variety1. eff

9、ective有效的-所谓有效的词汇，是指根据语境所选择“恰当的用词”。 在GRE写作里考生不需要哗众取宠地用“大词、难词”来显示词汇量。 真正的高手能够用简单而精确的词语来阐述深刻的道理。2. variety用词用句的变化性能有效地体现行文语言的多样性。要点 5：demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors关键词：standard written English, may

10、have minor errors1. standard written English即使用标准的书面英语。英语口语体不合适用于GRE这类准学术型的分析性写作中。 因此考生应注意标准的书面英语的语法，用词和文法。2. may have minor errorsGRE作文允许有错误的存在。 考官认为，一篇满分的*可以有错误，尤其是个别的拼写错误、语法错误和用词不当。这不影响一篇*得高分。只要这篇*准确地提炼了要点、做到了精确的对应匹配、逻辑性强、语言水平高即可。GRE Issue写作范文详细解析IssuePeople work more productively in teams than i

11、ndividually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.Sample EssayTeamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of synergy, where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual p

12、arts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.Regarding individuals, some peop

13、le are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic Type A personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as

14、 part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply

15、 do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.Some people are highly motivated by social interac

16、tion and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed t

17、o the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the tas

18、k at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team works together towards a common goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive wi

19、th respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole sum but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for e

20、ach person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group composed of equally contributing individ

21、uals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a te

22、am or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to

23、 best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to accomplish tasks

24、 effectively and efficiently.观点陈述型作文/题目当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效。团队的协同工作需要相互合作，它比个人竞争更能激励人们。范文正文总体而言，团队的协同工作自然能通过增效作用(Synergy)这一理念而带来更高程度的整体生产效率，因为在这里，整体大于个体相加之总和。然则，当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效这一观念注定会产生巨大差异，取决于所组织起来的团队的类别，团队与个人所能获得的终极回报或激励，以及个人本身。关于个人，有些人天生就具有获取成功的欲望，无论他们所面临的情形或任务是什么。这些人会演

25、变为工作狂这一经典的A类人格，因为受到一股内心的热火所驱使，这股热火时刻告诉他们必须不停地有所事事，无论是作为个人抑或是作为团队的一分子。另一些人则可能希望不必那么多地介入社会，或者他们倾向于与其他人激烈竞争。对这些人而言，作为个人，他们工作起来会最富有成效，因为由于他们根本就不想成为任何团队的一部分，与他人合作便会限制他们的效率。这一思想倾向是否与生俱有，还是随着时间的推移而形成，这都无关紧要。这仅仅只是他们的一种生存状态，无论是动机还是回报，都无法在其内心深处激发起作为一个团队集体工作的欲望。有些人，由于社会互动以及与他人协作去实现某种集体努力的欲望，而具有极强的动机。显然，这些个人在作为

26、团队的一部分进行工作时，他们便会处在其最富有成效的状态。组织行为学研究表明，亚洲文化更有可能形成此类集体性行为，与那种常和西方文化联系在一起的较为个人主义的行为构成对比。这样，人们自然会认为，某些文化价值观可以决定人们是否作为个人还是作为团队的一部分工作起来最富有成效。GRE满分作文分析题目：Too much time, money, and energy are spent developing new and more elaborate technology. Society should instead focus on maximizing the use of existing t

27、echnology for the immediate benefit of its citizens.I must say that I reject this statement. While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology cannot handle

28、 all the problems we have brought to it. Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I dont think so. To do so would be tantamount to adopting a fatalistic approach; I think most people would reject that.Technology has helped, and it has hurt. Without it, we would nev

29、er have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent

30、 fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically drive

31、n approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would on

32、ly return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours

33、and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of

34、 allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy a

35、nd compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order

36、to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the eas

37、iest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hospt

38、al, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to “focus on maximizing the use of existing technology” instead of foolishly reaching for the stars, we would not have

39、 made those discoveries which now are the bedrock of the 21st century.分析：字数：651语言：平实的语句完全没有网络流行模板的痕迹，也是许多过了6级的考生通过练习可以达到的水平。I must say that I reject this statement.Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I dont think so.Technology has helped, and it has hurt.Techn

40、ology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.当然，这并不意味，在GRE作文考试中，平实的语言比润色后的语言有更多的优势。从这篇作文中，我们可以得到以下两条重要信息：1、 通过记忆大量模板使语言“全副武装”、“气势汹汹”并非高分作文的必要条件，这种方式的弊端在课堂上我们已阐述过。2、 在陈述idea的过程中，体现出critical thinking才是成功的关键。我们在课堂上对critical think

41、ing这一概念做过多次详细的解释，现在请大家一起来体会这一概念在文中的运用。第一段：(表明立场)I must say that I reject this statement. (让步)While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, (折回自己立场)that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology canno

42、t handle all the problems we have brought to it.第二段：(概述科技的两面性)Technology has helped, and it has hurt. (具体讨论科技的贡献)Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even

43、 better. (具体讨论科技的危害)But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. (表明已考虑到科技的危害，但是依然坚持自己立场)And yet, I still have to argue in

44、its favor, because without it, we have no hope.第三段：(提出反方的立场)Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like

45、those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. (通过具体论据反驳反方的观点)But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with dange

46、r. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central

47、 heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?第四段：(在第三段驳论的基础上进一步立论)What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to

48、clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.第五段：Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. (指出支持观点存在的一点不足)But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. (解决方案)We have to allow