he的用法小结.doc
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1、he的用法小结 你知道he的用法吗?快来一起学习吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。he的用法 he的音标和读音：DJ音标发音： hi:KK音标发音： hihe的词性：pron.(代词)1. Used to refer to the man or boy previously mentioned or implied.他：用来指代前面提到或暗示到的男子或男孩2. Used to refer to a male animal.雄性动物：用来指代雄性动物3. Usage Problem Used to refer to a person whose gender is unspecified or
2、 unknown:【用法疑难】 泛指某人：用来指代一个性别不明或未提及的人：用法与例句：“He who desires but acts not, breeds pestilence”(William Blake)“只有奢望而不行动的人，会滋生出罪恶”(威廉布莱克)he的词性：n.(名词)4. A male person or animal:男子或雄性动物：用法与例句：Is the cat a he?那只猫是公的吗?he的词源：5. Middle English中古英语6. from Old English h? .see ko-源自 古英语 h? .见 ko-he的用法：7. Traditi
3、onally, English speakers have used the pronouns he, him, and his generically in contexts in which the grammatical form of the antecedent requires a singular pronoun, as in Every member of Congress is answerable to his constituents;传统上，说英语的人一般把代词he，him 和 his 用在先行词的语法形式要求跟一个单数代词的语境中， 如国会中每一位成员都应对 其 选民
4、负责;用法与例句：A novelist should write about what he knows best;小说作者应写自己 最为熟知的事物;用法与例句：No one seems to take any pride in his work anymore, and so on.没有人再会对自己 的工作感到骄傲 等等。8. Beginning early in the 20th century, however, the traditional usage has come under increasing criticism for reflecting and perpetuatin
5、g gender discrimination. Defenders of the traditional usage have argued that the masculine pronouns he, his, and him can be used generically to refer to men and women. This analysis of the generic use of he is linguistically doubtful. If he were truly a gender-neutral form, we would expect that it c
6、ould be used to refer to the members of any group containing both men and women. But in fact the English masculine form is an odd choice when it refers to a female member of such a group. There is something plainly disconcerting about sentences such as可是从20世纪早期起，传统用法不断受到指责，因为它反映并长久维持性别歧视。传统用法辩护者认为阳性
7、代词he，his 和 him 可以用来指代男人和女人的总称。 有关he 的属性用法的分析， 从语言学角度上来说，是有疑问的。如果he 果真是一个中性形式， 我们猜想它可以用来指代任何包含有男人和女人的群体中的成员。但事实上，在英语中用阳性形式来指代上述一群体中的女性成员构成一种很奇特的选择。如下面这个句子中明显存在使人困窘之处：用法与例句：Each of the stars of It Happened One Night i.e., Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert won an Academy Award for his performance.“一夜风流
8、”中的每一位明星，即克拉克盖博和克劳狄特柯尔贝尔， 因各自的表演获奥斯卡金像奖 。9. In this case, the use of his forces the reader to envision a single male who stands as the representative member of the group, a picture that is at odds with the image that comes to mind when we picture the stars of It Happened One Night. Thus he is not re
9、ally a gender-neutral pronoun; rather, it refers to a male who is to be taken as the representative member of the group referred to by its antecedent. The traditional usage, then, is not simply a grammatical convention; it also suggests a particular pattern of thought. Many writers sidestep the prob
10、lem by avoiding the relevant constructions. In place of Every student handed in his assignment, they write All the students handed in their assignments; in place of A taxpayer must appear for his hearing in person, they write Taxpayers must appear for their hearings in person, and so on. Even when u
11、sing the relevant constructions, however, many writers never use masculine pronouns as generics. In a series of sample sentences such as A patient who doesnt accurately report ? sexual history to the doctor runs the risk of misdiagnosis, an average of 46 percent of the Usage Panel chose a coordinate
12、 form (her/his, his or her, and so on), 3 percent chose the plural pronoun (although the actual frequency of the plural in writing is far higher than this number would suggest), 2 percent chose the feminine pronoun, another 2 percent chose an indefinite or a definite article, and 7 percent gave no r
13、esponse or felt that no pronoun was needed to complete the sentence. As a substitute for coordinate forms such as his/her or her and his, third person plural forms, such as their, have a good deal to recommend them: they are admirably brief and entirely colloquial and may be the only sensible choice
14、 in informal style; for example, in the radio commercial that says “Make someone happygive them a goosedown Christmas,” where him would be misleading and her or him would be fussy. At least one major British publisher has recently adopted this usage for its learners dictionaries, where one may read
15、such sentences as If someone says they are “winging it,” they mean that they are improvising their way. But in formal style, this option is perhaps less risky for a publisher of reference books than for an individual writer, who may be misconstrued as being careless or ignorant rather than attuned t
16、o the various grammatical and political nuances of the use of the masculine pronoun as generic pronoun. What is more, this solution ignores a persistent intuition that expressions such as everyone and each student should in fact be treated as grammatically singular. Writers who are concerned about a
17、voiding both grammatical and social problems are best advised to use coordinate forms such as his or her. Some writers see no need to use a personal pronoun implying gender unless absolutely necessary; in the sample sentence A child who develops this sort of rash on ? hands should probably be kept a
18、t home for a couple of days, 6 percent of the Usage Panel completed the sentence with the. In addition, some writers have proposed other solutions to the use of he as a generic pronoun, such as the introduction of wholly new gender-neutral pronouns like s/he or hiser, or the switching between femini
19、ne and masculine forms in alternating sentences, paragraphs, or chapters. In contrast to these innovations, many writers use the masculine pronoun as generic in all cases. For the same series of sample sentences, the average percentage of Usage Panel members who consistently completed the sentences
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