English Lexicology期末考试复习笔记.docx
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1、English Lexicology期末考试复习笔记English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equiv
2、alents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to: English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics and lexicogr
3、aphy(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology: According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal voc
4、abulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relati
5、ons will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1-Bas
6、ic concepts of words and vocabulary Word: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence sound and meaning: almost arbitr
7、ary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” sound and form: the sound should be similar to the form Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary The 3 Stages of Development of E Vocabulary: Old English vo
8、cabulary, Middle EV, Modern EV Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria The basic word stock: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important p
9、art of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock: 1)All-National character 2)Stability 3)Productivity 4)Polysemy 5)Collocability words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon (3)slang (4)Argot Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms (7) Neologisms:Neologisms means newly-created words or expression
10、s, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words (cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words (on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Loan Words Native words: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German
11、ic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks) Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV) 4 Types of loan words: 1) denizens(同化词) (shirt from skyrta(ON) 2) aliens:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头) 3) transla
12、tion loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see from China 4) semantic loans:their meanings are borrowed Chapter 2 the development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages The Balto-slavic Group:Latvian,Russian,Bugarian,Polish,Cze
13、ch etc. The Indo-Iranian Group:Sanskrit,Hindi,Urdu,Bengali,Persian etc. The Armenian Group:Armenian. The Albanian Group:Albanian. The Hellenic Group:Greek. The Italian Group: Latin,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguess,Romanian) etc. The Celtic Group:Gaelic,Welsh,Breton etc. The Germa
14、nic Group: Englsih,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc. The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary 1 Old English Period or The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000) 2 Middle English Period (1150-1500) 3 Modern English Period (1500-
15、now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost Modes of V Development(Modern E): 1)creation 2)semantic change 3) borrowing Chapter 3 Word Formation I Morpheme(语素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functi
16、oning unit in the composition of words) Allomorph(语素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme,differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning Type of Morpheme Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent) Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A
17、bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root (2)Affix(词缀) 1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes): affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional 2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀) A) prefix:
18、 A prefix comes before words. B)suffix An adjective suffix that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective. Morpheme词素free、bound) Root and stem 1) Root 2) Stem The differences between root and stem: A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further a
19、nalyzed without total loss of identity. A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root. Individualistic Undesirables Individualist (stem) undesirable (stem) Individual (stem) desirable
20、(stem) dividual (stem) desire (root, stem) divide(root, stem) Chapter 4 Word-Formation II Affixation词缀法:adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem. Prefixation前缀:Its the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems. 1)表示否定nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc. 2)reversative or
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