新编英语语法教程课件.ppt

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1、PRONOUNS,1,1.classification2.concord 3.case forms4.reflexive pronouns,2,Pronoun?,pro-?a.supporting or approving of something.b.doing something instead of someone.Pronouns are words used instead of nouns,thus have nominal functions.,3,Classification,personal,possessive,reflexive,reciprocal,demonstrat

2、ive,interrogative,relative,indefinite pronouns.Personal pronouns:I/me,we/us,you,he/him,she/her,it,they/them,4,Possessive pronouns:my/mine,our/ours,you/yours,his/his,her/hers,its/its,their/theirsReflexive pronouns:Reciprocal pronouns:each other(s),one another(s),5,Demonstrative pronouns:this,that,the

3、se,those,it,such,sameThis book is yours,and that is mine.Interrogative pronouns:who(ever),whom(ever),whose,which,whatRelative pronouns:who(ever),whom(ever),whose,which,that,as,6,Indefinite pronouns:some,something,somebody,someone;any,anything,anybody,anyone;no,nothing,nobody,no one,none;everything,e

4、verybody,everyone,each;much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,one,both,neither,either.I have do much work this morning.He has done much for his wife.,7,Concord,ANTECEDENTa word,phrase or sentence that is represented by pronouns.One must remember to remain very still when he attends a

5、concert.Professor Smith and I went to the States together.We stayed there for three weeks.I recognized one of the girls,but I didnt speak to her.I recognized one of the girls who were caroling the other night.,8,Concord in number,NUMBER:Antecedent:everyone,anyone,everybody,anybody,no one,nobody,some

6、one,somebodyPronoun?,9,The cast is giving _(its,their)best performance tonight.Everyone thinks _(he is,they are)the centre of the universe.Wells is one of the editors who always _(take,takes)a leading role in _(his,their)community.Dictatorship is the one of many evils which _(tend,tends)to perpetuat

7、e _(itself,themselves).Either John or James,who are twins,_(have,has)left(his,their)sweater.,10,Concord in person,When it comes to making a conscious effort to help keep a public place clean,most people just dont make the effort.Im a maintenance man for a department store.If you did make the effort

8、help keep the public place where I work clean,we probably wouldnt have a job.see Exercise 8C,11,Concord in gender,GENDER?masculine,feminine,neuter,commonIt is a set of grammatical forms of nouns(pronouns),determiners and adjectives that tell of the distinctions of sex or attribute.In modern English,

9、only pronouns and nouns have gender distinctions.,12,Nouns of common gender,manThey were pronounced man and wife at the altar.We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal,If a student needs advice about careers,_should consult the career officers.,13,baby,When bathing a bab

10、y,always hold_ securely.My baby has got _ first tooth.,14,Nouns of neuter gender,Normally:it,its,itself,they,them,their,themselves?his,he,him,she,her,etc.Once upon a time there was a wolf in sheeps clothing,hiding _ among a flock of ship.As soon as the plane had hopped off,_ picked up speed.China is

11、 my motherland._ has experienced huge changes during the past decades.,15,Pronoun case forms,subjective case:I,we,you,he,she,it,they,who,whoever objective case:possessive case:,16,Subjective case or objective case?,General rule:subjective case-subject objective case-object,plement,plementation,etc.T

12、he woman _(who/whom)we thought to be _(she,her)turned out to be her sister.The woman _(who/whom)we thought might be _(she.her)turned out to be her sister.,17,General rule,It is difficult to predict _(who,whom)will win the election.Whos knocking the door?its _(I/me).It was _(I/me)who am to blame.It w

13、as_(I/me)that they were talking about.Stanley had no doubt about _(who,whom)would be elected minister of defense.Everybody,including _(I,me),failed the test.She knows me better than _(he?him?).,18,Exceptions to general rule,1.informality subjective case-subject position objective case-other position

14、s2.minor sentence3.everybody/nobody+but/except+pronouns,19,Interrogative clause_(who/whom)did you want to nominate?I dont know _(who/whom)you want to nominate?Relative clauseWill you go and see Carlos,_(who/whom)I believe will be glad to help you?The woman _(who/whom)we thought might be her turned o

15、ut to be her sister.,Informality,20,Cleft sentenceIt was _(he/him)who did it.Comparative clauseShe is prettier than _(I/me)He is clever than _(we/us)all.,Informality,21,Minor sentence,Does anyone know where Tom lives?-_(I/me)./-_(I/me)do.,22,Everybody/nobody+but/except,Nobody except _(he/him)can sol

16、ve our problems.Everybody agreed to our proposal but _(he/him).I interviewed everybody but _(he/him).,23,1.Just between you and(I,me)that man is crazy.2.The petition was drafted by Nelson,Wright,and(I,me).3.It was(she,her)who finally spoke up.4.Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about

17、Troy and(she,her).,24,5.No one will be responsible for it,neither you nor(I,me).6.To(who,whom)should I address this letter?7.The child(who,whom)we thought was lost was found in the next block.8.He promised to support(whoever,whomever)of the Republican prospects was chosen.,25,26,Objective case or po

18、ssessive case?,pronoun+V-ing1.objective/possessiveDo you mind_(me/my)opening the window?I told them about _(you/your)resigning from office.(pronoun+V-ing)as object or plementation,27,_(Him/His)refusing to accept the invitation is really surprising.Because of the bad weather,the businessman probably

19、has to postpone _(him/his)arriving.2.possessive case only(pronoun+V-ing)as subject defer/deny/postpone+(pronoun+V-ing),28,They caught _(him/his)cheating on the exam.catch/find/see/hear/+(pronoun as object)+V-ing3.objective case only,29,1.I found(his,him)lying by the roadside.2.The bush is dying;(its

20、,its)leaves are covered with mildew.3.I wouldnt trust(anyones else,anyone elses)judgement.4.I cannot understand(him,his)refusing to doing that.5.(formal)I dont mind(him,his)criticizing me so severely6.The family resisted the idea of(his,him)leaving home.,30,Correction,1.I saw his waving a flag in th

21、e crowd.2.they deferred him going home on furlough until next month.3.I dont like you to arrive late.4.Johnsons father approved of he staying in China for another year.,31,Reflexive pronouns,What elements can reflexive pronouns function as in a sentence?Nancy herself will perform the operation.I hav

22、e nothing to say for myself.He applied himself to the task.I dont feel myself today.appositive,object,subject complement,and prepositional complementation,32,Appositive,How to avoid ambiguity?Mrs.Smith will go and see Nancy herself.,33,Prep.Complementation,conventional collocations by oneself,of one

23、self,for oneself to oneself between ourselves/yourselves/themselves beside oneself,34,Prep.Complementation,Nobody but _(I,me,myself)noticed the change.Nobody but _(he,him,himself)noticed the change,35,Subject complement,someone is himself/herself.be oneself?,36,Can a reflexive pronoun be subject?My

24、sister and myself are the only ones not down with the flu.formal informal,37,Correction,1.She has nothing to say for her.2.He always conducts him like a scholar.3.No one but herself knows Russian.4.Jane and himself collaborated on a new novel.,38,Generic reference,one,ones,oneself,we,us,our,ours,our

25、selves you,your,yourselves,they,them,themselves,their,theirs,39,Exercise 8A,1.its 2.his,he 3.them 4.it has 5.it,it has to 6.its/their 7.its 8.him/them(informal)9.he is/they are(informal)10.it 11.it 12.his/their(formal)13.isnt it 14.take/takes(informal),their/his(informal)15.his/their(informal)16.has

26、,his 17.their 18.has,his 19.they,themselves 20.tends,itself,40,Exercise 8B,1.it/she 2.It 3.it/her 4.her 5.his/ones,he/one,his/ones 6.himself 7.she 8.it/she 9.he/he or she(formal),he/he or she(formal)10.it/she 11.it/her 12.his/his or her,his/his or her,his/his or her 13.it/him 14.it/him,it/he 15.It 1

27、6.he/he or she 17.his/her 18.it/she 19.he/he or she 20.he/he or she,he/he or she,41,Exercise 9A,1.me 2.me 3.she 4.me 5.her 6.she 7.whom 8.who 9.who 10.whoever 11.him 12.its 13.anyone elses 14.his 15.who 16.whoever 17.his 18.her 19.whom,her 20.whom,42,Exercise 9B,1.theirs,ours 2.its,its 3.of his 4.Th

28、e professor himself 5.for herself 6.beside ourselves 7.conducts himself 8.itself 9.he/he himself(no change in informal style)10 no change 11.she/she herself 12.him 13.me 14.whom 15.who 16.whoever(no change in informal style)17.us,who(no change in informal style)18.him 19.his 20.whoever 21.his 22.you

29、r arriving late 23.whomever 24.Their 25.who(no change in informal style)26.whoever 27.me 28.he himself 29.one/he 30.whether you,43,Exercise 9C,1.to teach the facts of life to their children.2.to change this situation3.with great potentials which are not enhanced4.major in accounting.5.Bud Ellis chal

30、lenged Jody Baker to a game of chess when they met at the Recreation Centre.6.This mornings paper says that Route 4 cant be used until the flood damage is repaired.7.On a hill was situated the cottage,which8.Two weeks after his uncle moved to Florida,Ed sold,44,9.as if the jails were equipped with r

31、evolving doors.10.I put the package of frozen strawberries11.Before she left for Europe,Mother asked Mrs.Spry to visit her.12.this vitamin,which is essential to sound teeth.13.Burketts being given the leading role in the play displeased the rest of the cast.14.all the clothes stored in the attic wer

32、e ruined.15.Ann and Jan wouldnt even look at each other when they met16.Since her arrival in New York,this was the first time that she had seen her mother.17.shoes.This pleased Mother tremendously.18.Those/The people interviewed are sometimes indignant.19.When he spoke to the lawyer,Dad was extremel

33、y nervous20.that the holiday makers can hardly find places to sit down,which is why those people who hate crowds keep away from these places.,45,Exercise 9D,1.I 2.My 3.my 4.I 5.I 6.themselves 7.them 8.my 9.I 10.them 11.these 12.I 13.their 14.their 15.their 16.their 17.I 18.myself 19.them 20.them 21.I 22.I 23.I 24.me 25.it 26.my 27.my 28.I 29.they 30.me 31.I 32.they 33.the 34.their 35.it 36.they 37.they 38.they 39.They,46,