形容词和副词讲解ppt课件.ppt

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1、形容词,1形容词的作用与位置,l)用作定语，修饰名词一般放在所修饰的名词之前，如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰名词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的放在后,a powerful socialist country,a small but beautiful room,(音节多的在后),2)用作定语,修饰由不定代词one，no，any，some和 every构成的复合词，如anything,something时，通常放在所修饰的词后面，,I have something interesting to tell you,3)作用表语，与

2、系动词 be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep.smell，taste，sound，turn，remain等连用，,The weather is getting warmer and warmer,4)用作宾语补足语,The news made every one happy,I think the text very interesting.,5)与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中可作主语，宾语,The rich and the poor live very different lives,6)作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、结果

3、等。,He went to bed,cold and hungry.,Afraid of troubles，he would not accept the duty.,注意：某些表示健康状况的形容词只能作表语，不能用作定语，如 well，ill,faint等当 ill作定语修饰名词时，其含义相当于 bad；但sick一词既可作表语,又可作定语，表示“生病”,The woman is sick.the sick woman,某些以 a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake,alert,alive,aware,ashamed,unable等只能作表语,不

4、能作定语。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。,某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词例如：friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly,ugly，brotherly，等,The two brothers are alike.,an awake baby(wrong),The teacher has a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting.,2复合形容词的构成,1)形容词词干十名词十 ed,kind-hearted,2)形容词词干十形容词词干

5、,red-hot,dark-blue,3)形容词词干十现在分词词干,tired-looking,4)副词词干十现在分词词干,hard-working,5)副词词干十过去分词词干,hard-won,6)名词词干十形容词词干,life-long,7)名词词干十现在分词词干,mouth-watering,8)名词词干十过去分词词干,hand-made,9)数词词干+名词十 ed,four-storeyed,10)数词词干十名词词干,ten-year,two-man,3.多个形容词作前置定语的词序规则,英语中多个形容词作前置定语，其词序不同于汉语。总规则如下：1.限定词2.性质(描绘)形容词3.大小、

6、长短、高低(矮)形容词4.形状形容词5.年龄、新旧形容词6.颜色形容词7.国籍、地区、出处形容词8.物质、材料形容词9.用途、类别形容词10.动名词、名词中心词。,“县官行令宴国才”,好心的,炽热的,深蓝的,面带倦容的,勤劳的,得来不易的,终生的,令人垂涎的,手工的,四层的,十年的,二人的,a charming small round old brown Chinese wooden writing table,细节分为九类：,1.限定类,限定词位于各类形容词之首。它本身分为三位。即：前位、中位和后位，词序为前、中、后，前位限定词有all,half,both,分数和倍数；中位有冠词，指示代词，

7、形容词性物主代词和no,every,each,either,neither,enough,much等，以及wh-起首的限定词what(ever),which(ever),whose等；后位有基数词和序数词，past,same,many,more,most,few,fewer,fewest,little,less,least,own和last等。,all your three thin books 前 中 后,the last few sunny days 中 后,2.性质(描绘)类,性质(描绘)形容词，置于限定词后，位于大小、形状、年龄、颜色、出处、材料、用途类形容词前。,these well

8、-dressed old ladies,3.大小类,表示大小、长短、高低(矮)类的形容词位于限定词、性质(描绘)类形容词后，形状、年龄、颜色、出处、材料、用途类形容词前,a big beautiful green house,a small round table,4.形状类,表示形状类的形容词位于限定、性质(描绘)、大小类形容词后，其他类形容词之前。,a big square old desk,5.年龄类,表示年龄、长幼、新旧类的形容词置于限定、性质(描绘)、大小、形状类形容词后，其他类形容词之前。,a new pink pencil,a dirty old brown skirt,6.颜色

9、类,表示颜色的形容词置于限定、性质(描绘)、大小、形状、年龄类形容词之后，其他类形容词之前。,a pair of ugly old brown wooden shoes,a new green brick house,7.出处类,表示国籍、地方出处类的形容词置于材料、用途类形容词之前，上述六类形容词之后。,a brown Chinese wooden chair,a pair of beautiful German leather boots,8.材料类,表示材料类的形容词居于用途类形容词之前，上述七类形容词之后。,a large brick conference hall,a blue pl

10、astic garden chair,9.用途类,表示类别、用途类的形容词位于其他种类的形容词之后，靠近名词中心词。,a large famous medical school,a valuable old Japanese writing desk,注：在实际运用中须注意：,1.如两个以上相同种类的形容词同时修饰一个中心词时，其间可用连词and或but连接，或用逗号分开。,a yellow,black sports car,2.如要强调某一种类的形容词时，可将所强调的形容词后移，同时用逗号分开。,a tall,dark,handsome cowboy,形容词的后置情况,1.形容词修饰不定代词

11、或地点副词时,I want to find somewhere quiet.,注意：不定代词前若有限定词时，形容词就不后置,They did the necessary something.,2.以字母a开头的形容词，如alive,ashamed,alike,afraid,asleep,awake等作定语时,He was the only man alive at that time.,The girl ashamed is my sister.,3.以-ible,-able结尾的形容词，如possible,unspeakable,imaginable等作定语时。,We must get in

12、 touch with them in every way possible.,4.表示度量的形容词短语作定语时。,A bridge twenty meters long is being built.,5.形容词加介词短语或不定式短语作定语时。,I know the actor suitable for the part.,The boys easiest to teach were from the countryside.,6.用and或or连接的表示反义或近义的两个或两个以上形容词 作定语时。,There is nothing important.,The women,old and

13、young,stayed at home.,The boy,tired,hungry and thirsty,is lying there.,7.有些从法语或拉丁语中派生出来的形容词作定语时,秘书长,secretary general,远古以来,from time immemorial,另外，有些形容词前置或后置都可以，但意义不同。,The people present at the meeting are all workers.,He gave us a talk on the present situation.,出席会议的人都是工人。,他给我们作了一个目前形势的报告。,The tool

14、s used are made in China.,The used tools are on the floor.,所使用的工具是中国制造的。,旧工具全在地上。,8.少数过去分词定语放在所修饰的词后面。,还有十分钟.,There are ten minutes left.,=There are ten minutes to go.,用所给词填空.,Fill in the blanks with the words given.,副词,l.副词的分类,副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、全句或名词词组及介词副词一般可分为以下几类：,1)时间副词,now，usually，often，always等,

15、2)地点副词,here，there，out，everywhere等,3)方式副词,hard，well，fast，slowly等,4)程度副词,very，much，still，almost等,5)疑问副词,how，When，why，where等,6)关系副词,when，where，why等,7)连接副词,Whether，why,when，how等,2.副词的位置,l)时间副词和地点副词的位置一般放在句尾。如果这两种副词同时出现在句中，则把地点副词放在时间副词前面，也可把时间副词放在句首,1）在动词之前。2）在be动词、助动词之后。3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意：a.大多数方式

16、副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.b.方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。HespeaksEnglishwell.,副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：(错)IverylikeEnglish.(对)IlikeEng

17、lishverymuch.,They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday,Yesterday they went boating in Zhongshan Park,但表示不确定时间的副词通常放在行为动词之前，放在情态动词、助动词和 to be之后这些副词有，always，seldom，often，never，rarely等例如：,We should always work hard.,We are never late.,He often comes late.,2)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前(enough例外),He is very care

18、ful,You are old enough to do this,3)方式副词修饰不及物动词时放在被修饰词之后，修饰及物动词时，放在被修饰的动词之前或宾词之后，如宾语较长，也可把副词放在动词与宾语之间,He works hard.,He speaks English very well,Mr Wang wrote carefully some letters to his friends,4)副词修饰名词时，一般放在该名词之后；修饰介词时(如 well，right，just，soon等)，放在该介词前；副词修饰全句时，一般放在句首，,The person there is looking f

19、or you,Theres the house，right in front of you,Truly he will go to Shanghai,3副词的作用,副词在句中作状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语,I worked in Beijing almost for three years,(状语),Time is up.,(表语),The building there looks very grand,(定语),Let the dog out,(宾语补足语),注意：有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以 ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的,close,closely,free,freely

20、,hard,hardly,late,lately,most,mostly,wide,widely,high,highly,deep,deeply,loud,loudly,near,nearly,接近地,仔细地，密切地,免费地,自由地，无拘束地,努力地,几乎不,晚，迟,近来,极，非常,主要地,广阔地，充分地,广泛地,高,高度地，非常地,深，迟,抽象意义的“深”,大声地,大声地(含有喧闹的意思),邻近,几乎,形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法,1原级的构成和用法,l)构成：形容词，副词的原级形式是形容词，副词的原形,2)用法,表示双方在程度，性质，特征等某方面相等时，用“as 十原级形容词或副词十

21、as”的结构/the sameas；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as)十原级形容词或副词十 as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数十 as十原级形容词或副词十 as”的结构,This building looks not so(as)high as that one,MsSun speaks English as fluently as you,This room is three times as large as that one.,2比较级和最高级的构成和用法,1)比较级和最高级的构成：,单音节形容词以及少数以-er，-ow结尾的形容词和副词加“er”，“est”,n

22、arrow narrower narrowest,clever cleverer cleverest,His book is the same as mine.,=He has the same book as me.,以 e结尾的单音节形容词和副词后以及少数以-ble，-ple结尾的双音节形容词和副词后，加“r”，“st”.,simple simpler simplest,able abler ablest,以一个辅音结尾的单音节形容词，其前的元音字母发短元音时，该辅音字母要双写，然后加“er”，“est”,hot hotter hottest,以辅音加 y结尾的形容词和少数不是形容词加 l

23、y构成的副词要将 y改为 i，再加“er”，“est”，,early earlier earliest,happy happier happiest,一般双音节词、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加 more或most,carefully more carefully most carefully,少数单音节形容词也加 more和 most构成比较级和最高级。,tired more tired most tired,pleased more pleased most pleased,下列形容词、副词的比较级和最高级可有两种构成方法,cruel,crueler cruelest,more cruel

24、most cruel,often,oftener oftenest,more often most often,strict,stricter strictest,more strict most strict,friendly,friendlier friendliest,more friendly most friendly,下列形容词，副词的比较级和最高级的构成不规则,good well,better best,bad ill,worse worst,manymuch,more most,little,less least,far,farther farthest,further fur

25、thest,old,elder eldest,older oldest,2)比较级的用法,双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级十 than”的结构表示,This pen is better than that one.,表示一方不及另一方时，用“less十原级十 than”/not+比较级+than 的结构表示,This room is less beautiful than that one,表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far等修饰,=This room

26、 is not more beautiful than that one,He works even harder than before,注意：英语的比较级前如无 even，still，或 yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可用“更”，,She is better than she was yesterday,她比昨天好些了,Please come earlier tomorrow,请明天早点来,注意：by far通常用于强调最高级用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”,He is taller by far than his brot

27、her.,He is by far the taller of the two brothers.,表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the 十比较级(主语十谓语)，the 十比较级(主语十谓语)”的结构,The harder he works，the happier he feels,不与其它事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级十 and十比较级”的结构,The weather is getting colder and colder.,The girl becomes more and more beautiful,某些以一 or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用 to代替 than(这些

28、词有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等,He is superior to Mr.Wang in mathematics,在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用 that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词.,The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.,A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wo

29、od,表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：,A)A is three(four，ect.)times the size(height，length，width，ect.)of B,Asia is four times as large as Europe.,亚洲是欧洲的四倍大,The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one,这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。,B)A is three(four，etc)times as big(high，long，wide，etc)as B,C)A is three(four，

30、etc)times bigger(higher，longer，wider，etc)than B,Your school is three times bigger than ours，,你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍,用 times表示倍数，一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数表示两倍可以用 twice或 double,3)最高级的用法,三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the十最高级”的结构表示这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语,He works(the)hardest in his class.,Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three,最

31、高级可被序数词以及 much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really，nothing like等词语所修饰.,This hat is by farmuchnearlyalmostnot nearlyby no means/not quitenothing like the biggest,How much did the second most expensive hat cost?,表示“最高程度”的形容词，如 excellent，extreme，perfect,favorite等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级,形容词最高级修

32、饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略,He is the tallest(boy)in his class,作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词,0f all the boys he came(the)earliest,注意1：1.形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.2.使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。(错)Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers.(对)Tomisthetallestofthethreebrot

33、hers.,注意2：a.very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。Thisistheverybest.Thisismuchthebest.b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.,句型转换：Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentsinhisclass.4)否定词语+比较级，否定词语+soas结构表示最高级含义。Nothingissoeasyasthis.=Nothingiseasierthanthis.=Thisistheea

34、siestthing.,英语中用比较级句型可以表示最高级的含义，较为常见的有下列几种形式：1、直接使用比较级How beautiful she sings!Ive never heard a better voice.=She has the best voice Ive ever heard.她唱得多好啊！这是我听到的最美的歌喉。I have never read a more interesting novel.=It is the most interesting novel Ive ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的小说。,2、比较级+than+the other+复数名词/+a

35、ny other+单数名词/+any of the other+复数名词 She goes to school earlier than the other girls.她比其他女孩早上学。He works harder than any other student.她学习最用功。China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.中国是亚洲最大的国家,3、比较级+than+anything/anyone else George did more work than anyone else.乔治干活最多。Tom cared more

36、for money than for anything else.汤姆最喜欢钱。,4、在比较句型中使用 no,nobody,nothing 等词。I like nothing better than swimming.我最喜欢游泳。Nobody can do the work better than he did.这项工作他做得最出色。No other building is as grand as the new hotel.新建的宾馆是当地最豪华的。,和more有关的词组1)themorethemore越就越Theharderyouwork，thegreaterprogressyoullm

37、ake.2)moreBthanA与其说A不如说BlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.3)nomorethan与一样，不比多TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.nolessthan与一样Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.4)morethan不只是，非常Sheismorethankindtousall.,as many/much as.,結構as manymuch as數字複數名詞不可數名詞,asmuchas常用在“雨量、水量、时

38、间量、重量、钱数、价格”等方面，表示总量和单位量的大小；asmanyas常用在人或物的具体数量前，侧重于具体数目，意思是“和一样多”，“多达”。同理，此類還有：as long as數字（長達），as wide as數字（寬達），as high as數字（高達），as early as數字（早在），as late as數字（遲在）等。,她的姊妹有七人之多。這次空難中多達一百人喪生。我給了這乞丐整整一千元。亚马逊河流域雨水充足，年降水量常达70英寸之多。建築費用漲到高達兩千萬美金。,She has as many as seven sisters.,As many as 100 people we

39、re killed in the air crash.,I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yuan.,Building costs ran up to as much as 20 million dollars.,AlongAmazonrainisplentiful,oftenasmuchasseventyincheseveryyear.,I have been learning English(for)as long as 15 years.He came home as late as two in the morning.I saw your brot

40、her as late as last week.The river is as wide as 100 meters.I mailed the letter as early as Friday.,我學英文已有十五年之久。,他遲至清晨兩點才回家。,上個禮拜我還看到你哥哥。,這條河寬達一百公尺。,我早在星期五就把信寄了。,这只小鹦鹉可以长到巨大的尺寸,长到三尺长.This little parrot will grow to huge size,as long as three feet.,几组词的用法比较：,1)ago与 before,ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或

41、将来的某时刻“以前”泛指“以前”，用 before而不用 ago。,l started working in the school three years ago,Last year he left the army that he had joined eighteen years before,We(have)never met them before(没有具体时间，两种时态都可以),2)very与 much,very修饰形容词或副词的原级，much修饰形容词或副词的比较级，修饰动词要用 much或 very much,I like this film very much,He speak

42、s English very well.,very修饰用作形容词的现在分词,The story is very interesting,very修饰某些习惯上已被用作形容词(不管是作表语还是作定语)的过去分词,He left the classroom with a very pleased look,My English is very limited,这类词有：frightened，disappointed，satisfied，excited，interested，pleased，surprised，troubled，upset，worried等但若用在 by句中，就该用much来修饰,m

43、uch可以修饰动词，very则不能修饰动词时应注意 much或 very much的位置,I enjoyed the concert(very)much,I(very)much enjoyed the concert,在英国，只能用作表语的某些形容词例如：alive，alone，afraid，ashamed等前用 much或 very much来修饰，但在美国，往往用 very，如“very afraid”,在不能确定的时候，用 much往往比 very妥当。,already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生(两者常用于现在完成时）；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句,Hes a

44、lready finished his work,He hasnt finished his work yet,Are you still learning French?,already和yet可用于疑问句，但含义不同,3)already，yet，still,Have you met Mr Wang yet?,(=up to this moment),你(到目前为止)见过王先生没有?(一般性问句),Have you already(=sooner than expected)met Mr Wang?,你(竟然)已经见到过王先生了吗?(表示出乎意料),4)too；also，either,as

45、well,too,as well 和 also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语，either用于否定句,I like to play football too,(I also like to play football=I like to play football as well.),I dont like to play football，and I dont like to play basketball either.,5.a bit,a little,a little与a bit 都有“一点儿，有点儿”的意思，可以修饰形容词、副词等，意思相近。在修饰名词时，a li

46、ttle后面可直接接不可数名词，而a bit后面须加上of，再接不可数名词。另外，not a little相当于much，而not a bit 则相当于not at all(一点不)。,Its a little/a bit cold here.,这儿有点冷,Thats a bit/a bit little much to pay.,那笔要付的钱多了一些。,There is a little milk in the glass.There is a bit of milk in the glass.,.玻璃杯里有点儿牛奶。,Im not a bit tired.。,我很累。,我一点不累,Im n

47、ot a little tired.,6.after all,above all,after all“毕竟、终究、到底”，可放在句首或句末。放在句首时，含有“别忘了”之意，用来引出听话的人似乎忘记了某个重要论述或理由。放在句末时，含有“虽然有前面说过的话”或“与预料中情况相反”意思。above all意为“首先”，“特别是，最重要的是”。,I think we should let her go there alone.After all she is eighteen;shes not a child any more.,我认为我们应该让她独自到那里去。她毕竟已经18岁了，不是小孩子,Chi

48、ldren need many things.But above all they need love.,孩子们需要许多东西，但重要的是需要爱,7.aloud,loud,loudly,这三个词均可用作副词，其意义都与声响强度有关，但其具有体含义和用法不完全相同。aloud侧重于发了声音，以便让人听见，常用于read、think等动词后，无比较级形式。loud侧重于声音响亮、清楚，可作形容词，亦可作副词，有比较级形式。loudly指声响达到喧闹的程度。,这三个词均可用作副词，其意义都与声响强度有关，但其具有体含义和用法不完全相同。aloud侧重于发了声音，以便让人听见，常用于read、think

49、等动词后，无比较级形式。loud侧重于声音响亮、清楚，可作形容词，亦可作副词，有比较级形式。loudly指声响达到喧闹的程度。,When theyre arguing,they talk so loudly that the people in the next room can hear every word.,经常大声朗读有益处。,没什么，我只是自言自语,如果知道，你就大点声说话出来，让全班都可以听见,她们争论时，声音太大了，隔壁的人都能听见每句话。,Its good to read aloud often.,Oh,nothing,I was just thinking aloud.,If

50、 you do know,answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.,【注意】loud用作副词，与loudly同义，但loud一般只和speak、shout、talk、laugh等词连用，放在动词后；而loudly则可以和其他声响动词连用，而且既可放在动词前，也可放在动词后。,8.almost,nearly,almost与nearly作“几乎，差一点差不多，将近”解。只是nearly表示的程度和差距比almost大,两者都可以修饰all、every、always等词，都可用于否定句中。,在very、pretty、n