应用语言学与英语教学课件.ppt
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1、Applied Linguistics,Applied Linguistics,What is Applied Linguistics?Language,Learning and TeachingGeneral TheoriesIndividual VariationsMajor Techniques and Methods,What is Applied Linguistics?,It is an independent discipline in its own right.It is an interdisciplinary science.It is an applied scienc
2、e.It is an empirical science.,Language,Learning and Teaching,What is language?What is learning?What is teaching?What is the relationship between learning and teaching?,General Theories,Human LearningSecond Language Acquisition:Differences between child and adult L2 learnersMajor L2 Learning Theories
3、,Individual Variations(个体变异),Cognitive Variables(认知变量)of Language LearningAffective Variables(情感变量)of Language LearningSociocultural Variables of Language Learning,Major Techniques and Methods,Contrastive Analysis:Comparing and Contrasting Two Languages Error Analysis:The Study of Learners Interlang
4、uage(中介语)Language Testing,What is language?,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols(任意的有声符号)used for human communication.,What is learning?,Learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and is the result of reinforced practice.,What is teaching?,Teaching cannot be define
5、d apart from learning.Teaching problems are not simply learning problems.They involve learning,developmental,motivational,and personality issues at the same time.,What is the relationship between learning and teaching?,Learning is the prerequisite and basis of teaching.Our understanding of how learn
6、ers learn determines not only our philosophy of teaching but also our teaching style,our teaching approach,our methodology as well as our classroom techniques.The learner has an even greater role to play in the teaching-learning process,Human Learning,Philosophy and learning:1)the pessimistic view(悲
7、观主义的观点)2)the hedonistic view(享乐主义的观点)3)the optimistic view(乐观主义的观点)4)the tabula-rasa or“blank-slate”view(白板论),Human Learning,Major learning theories:Behaviorism(行为主义)Cognitivism(认知主义)Constructivism(建构主义)Humanism(人本主义),Behaviorism,Summary:Behaviorism is a world-view that operates on a principle of“st
8、imulus-response(刺激反应).”All behaviors are caused by external stimuli.All behaviors can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness of the learner.According to this view,a learner is essentially passive,responding to environmental stimuli.,Cognitivism,Summary:The
9、cognitivist paradigm essentially argues that the“black box”of the mind should be opened and understood.The learner is viewed as an information processor(信息处理器)(like a computer).Originators and important contributors:Merrill,Reigeluth,Briggs,Wager,Piaget,Bruner(moving toward cognitive constructivism)
10、,Constructivism,Summary:Constructivism as a paradigm or worldview states that learning is an active,constructive process.The learner is an information constructor.People actively construct or create their own subjective representations of objective reality.New information is linked to prior knowledg
11、e,thus mental representations are subjective.,Humanism,Summary:Humanism is a paradigm/philosophy/pedagogical approach that believes learning is viewed as a personal act to realize ones potential.Key proponents:Abraham Maslow,Carl Rogers,Malcolm KnowlesKey terms:self-actualization(自我实现),teacher as fa
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