应用国际贸易(中英文双语)课件.ppt
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1、,Application:International Trade应用:国际贸易,Chapter 9,International Trade 国际贸易,What determines whether a country imports or exports a good?什么决定一个国家是否进口或出口一种物品?,International Trade 国际贸易,Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries?在国际自由贸易中谁获利谁亏损?,International Trade 国际贸易,What are the arguments
2、 that people use to advocate trade restrictions?人们用来支持贸易限制的各种观点是什么?,Equilibrium Without Trade,Assume:A country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel.The market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country.No one in the country is allowed to import or export steel.,没有贸易
3、时的均衡,假设:一个生产钢铁的国家孤立于其他国家钢铁市场由这个国家的买者和卖者组成这个国家的如何人都不允许进口或出口钢铁,Equilibrium Without International Trade,0,Quantity,of Steel,Equilibrium,quantity,Domestic,supply,Domestic,demand,Producer,surplus,Consumer,surplus,没有国际贸易时的均衡,0,钢铁数量,均衡数量,国内供给,国内需求,生产者剩余,消费者剩余,Equilibrium Without Trade,Results:Domestic pric
4、e adjusts to balance demand and supply.The sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive.,没有贸易时的均衡,结果:国内价格调整使国内卖者的供給量与国内买者的需求量平衡。消费者剩余和生产者剩余的总和来衡量买者和卖者从钢铁市场上得到的总利益。,World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势,If the country decides to engage in i
5、nternational trade,will it be an importer or exporter of steel?如果这个国家决定参与国际贸易,它将是钢铁进口国还是出口国?,World Price and Comparative Advantage,The effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good.The world price refers to the prevailing p
6、rice in the world markets.A country will either be an exporter or an importer of the good.,世界价格与比较优势,自由贸易的效果可以从没有贸易时国内物品价格与世界市场价格相比较中得到说明。世界价格一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格。一个国家既可能是某种物品的出口国,也有可能是进口国。,World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势,If a country has a comparative advantage,then the domestic price wi
7、ll be below the world price,and the country will be an exporter of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面有比较优势,那么国内价格将比世界价格低,这个国家就会是该物品的出口国。,World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势,If the country does not have a comparative advantage,then the domestic price will be higher than the world price,and the count
8、ry will be an importer of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面没有比较优势,那么国内价格将比世界价格高,这个国家就会是该物品的进口国。,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domesticdemand,International Trade in an Exporting Country,Domesticsupply,0,钢铁数量,国内需求,出口国的国际贸易,国内供给,0,Quantity,of Steel,Worldprice,Domesticdemand,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting
9、Country,Domesticsupply,Price after trade,Price before trade,A,B,C,D,Exports,0,钢铁数量,世界价格,国内需求,自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利,国内供给,贸易后的价格,贸易前的价格,A,B,C,D,出口,0,Quantity,of Steel,Worldprice,Domesticdemand,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country,Domesticsupply,Price after trade,Price before trade,0,钢铁数量,世界
10、价格,国内需求,自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利,国内供给,贸易后的价格,贸易前的价格,0,Quantity,of Steel,Worldprice,Domesticdemand,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country,Domesticsupply,Price after trade,Price before trade,0,数量钢铁,世界价格,国内需求,自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利,国内供给,贸易后的价格,贸易前的价格,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country
11、,The area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.,Before Trade,After Trade,Change,Consumer Surplus,A+B,A,-B,Producer Surplus,C,B+C+D,+(B+D),Total Surplus,A+B+C,A+B+C+D,+D,自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利,面积 D 表示总剩余增加,并代表贸易的利益,贸易前,贸易后,变化,消费者剩余,A+B,A,-B,生产者剩余,C,B+C+D,+(B+D),总剩余,A+B+C,
12、A+B+C+D,+D,THE WINNERS AND LOSERS FROM TRADE,The analysis of an exporting country yields two conclusions:Domestic producers of the good are better off,and domestic consumers of the good are worse off.Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole.,自由贸易赢家和输家,对出口国的分析得出了两个结论:当一国允许贸易并成为一种
13、物品的出口国时,该物品的国内生产者状况变好,而该物品的国内消费者状况变坏。贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。,The Gains and Losses of an Importing Country,International Trade in an Importing CountryIf the world price of steel is lower than the domestic price,the country will be an importer of steel when trade is permitted.Domestic consumers will want to b
14、uy steel at the lower world price.Domestic producers of steel will have to lower their output because the domestic price moves to the world price.,进口国的得失,国际贸易与进口国如果世界价格低于国内价格,一旦允许自由贸易,该国家将是钢铁进口国。国内消费者就想以比国内价格更低的世界价格购买钢铁。因为国内价格移向世界价格,所以国内钢铁生产者不得不降低产量。,Figure 4 International Trade in the Importing Cou
15、ntry,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domesticsupply,Domestic demand,图4.进口国的国际贸易,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,国内需求,Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domesticsupply,World Price,Domestic demand,Price after trade,Price before trade,A,B,C,D,Imports,图5.自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,世界价格,
16、国内需求,贸易后的价格,贸易前的价格,A,B,C,D,进口,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domesticsupply,World Price,Domestic demand,Price after trade,Price before trade,自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,世界价格,国内需求,贸易后的价格,贸易前的价格,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,0,Quantit
17、y,of Steel,Domesticsupply,World Price,Domestic demand,Price after trade,Price before trade,自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,世界价格,国内需求,贸易后的价格,贸易前的价格,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,The area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.,Before Trade,After
18、Trade,Change,Consumer Surplus,A,A+B+D,+(B+D),Producer Surplus,B+C,C,-B,Total Surplus,A+B+C,A+B+C+D,+D,自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利,面积 D 表示总剩余的增加量,并代表贸易的收益,贸易前,贸易后,变化,消费者剩余,A,A+B+D,+(B+D),生产者剩余,B+C,C,-B,总剩余,A+B+C,A+B+C+D,+D,How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country,The analysis of an importing country
19、 yields two conclusions:Domestic producers of the good are worse off,and domestic consumers of the good are better off.Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole because the gains of consumers exceed the losses of producers.,自由贸易如何影响进口国的福利,对进口国的分析得出了两个结论:当一国允许自由贸易并成为一种物品的进口国时,该物品的
20、国内消费者状况变好,而该物品的国内生产者状况变坏。贸易增加了一国的整体经济福利。,The Gains and Losses from Free International Trade,The gains of the winners exceed the losses of the losers.The net change in total surplus is positive.,国际自由贸易的得与失,赢家的好处大于输家的损失。总剩余的净变动是正的。,The Effects of a Tariffs 关税的影响,Tariffs are taxes on imported goods.关税对
21、进口物品征收的税。Tariffs raise the price of imported goods above the world price by the amount of the tariff.关税使进口物品的价格提高到世界价格之上,其增加量等于关税。,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,关税的影响,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,国内需求,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic
22、 demand,World price,Q1S,Q1D,Price without tariff,Imports without tariff,关税的影响,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,国内需求,世界价格,Q1S,Q1D,没有关税时的价格,没有关税时的进口量,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,Tariff,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Price without tariff,Price with tariff,Imports without tariff
23、,Imports with tariff,关税的影响,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,国内需求,关税f,世界价格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,关税前的价格,关税后的价格,没有关税时的进口量,有关税时的进口量,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,Tariff,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Imports without tariff,Imports with tariff,Price with tariff,Price without tariff,关税的影
24、响,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,国内需求,关税,世界价格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,没有关税时的进口量,有关税时的进口量,有关税时的价格,没有关税时的价格,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,Tariff,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Imports without tariff,Imports with tariff,Price with tariff,Price without tariff,关税的影响,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,国内需求,关税,世
25、界价格,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,没有关税时的进口量,有关税时的进口量,有关税时的价格,没有关税时的价格,The Effects of a Tariff.,0,Quantity,of Steel,Domestic supply,Domestic demand,Tariff,World price,Q1S,Q2S,Q2D,Q1D,Price without tariff,Price with tariff,Imports without tariff,Imports with tariff,A,B,C,E,G,关税的影响,0,钢铁数量,国内供给,国内需求,关税,世界价格,Q1S,Q2S,Q
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