Thomas L Friedman The World Is Flat A Brief History Of The 21St Century(Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award).doc
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1、The World is FlatThomas L FriedmanTo Matt and Kay and to RonContentsHow the World Became FlatOne: While I Was Sleeping / 3Two: The Ten Forces That Flattened the World / 48 Flattener#l. 11/9/89Flattener #2. 8/9/95Flattener Flattener Flattener Flattener Flattener Flattener Flattener FlattenerWork Flow
2、 Software Open-Sourcing Outsourcing Offshoring Supply-Chaining Insourcing In-formingThe Steroids Three: The Triple Convergence / 173 Four: The Great Sorting Out / 201America and the Flat WorldFive: America and Free Trade / 225 Six: The Untouchables / 237Seven: The Quiet Crisis / 250 Eight: This Is N
3、ot a Test / 276Developing Countries and the Flat WorldNine: The Virgin of Guadalupe / 309 Companies and the Flat World Geopolitics and the Flat World Eleven: The Unflat World / 371Twelve: The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention / 414 Conclusion: ImaginationThirteen: 11/9 Versus 9/11 / 441 Acknowledgm
4、ents I 471 Index I 475:How the World Became Flat: ONEWhile I Was SleepingYour Highnesses, as Catholic Christians, and princes who love and promote the holy Christian faith, and are enemies of the doctrine of Mahomet, and of all idolatry and heresy, determined to send me, Christopher Columbus, to the
5、 above-mentioned countries of India, to see the said princes, people, and territories, and to learn their disposition and the proper method of converting them to our holy faith; and furthermore directed that I should not proceed by land to the East, as is customary, but by a Westerly route, in which
6、 direction we have hitherto no certain evidence that anyone has gone.- Entry from the journal of Christopher Columbus on his voyage of 1492No one ever gave me directions like this on a golf course before: Aim at either Microsoft or IBM. I was standing on the first tee at the KGA Golf Club in downtow
7、n Bangalore, in southern India, when my playing partner pointed at two shiny glass-and-steel buildings off in the distance, just behind the first green. The Goldman Sachs building wasnt done yet; otherwise he could have pointed that out as well and made it a threesome. HP and Texas Instruments had t
8、heir offices on the back nine, along the tenth hole. That wasn t all. The tee markers were from Epson, the printer company, and one of our caddies was wearing a hat from 3M. Outside, some of the traffic signs were also sponsored by Texas Instruments, and the Pizza Hut billboard on the way over showe
9、d a steaming pizza, under the headline Gigabites of Taste!4No, this definitely wasn t Kansas. It didn t even seem like India. Was this the New World, the Old World, or the Next World?I had come to Bangalore, India s Silicon Valley, on my own Columbus-like journey of exploration. Columbus sailed with
10、 the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria in an effort to discover a shorter, more direct route to India by heading west, across the Atlantic, on what he presumed to be an open sea route to the East Indies-rather than going south and east around Africa, as Portuguese explorers of his day were trying
11、 to do. India and the magical Spice Islands of the East were famed at the time for their gold, pearls, gems, and silk-a source of untold riches. Finding this shortcut by sea to India, at a time when the Muslim powers of the day had blocked the overland routes from Europe, was a way for both Columbus
12、 and the Spanish monarchy to become wealthy and powerful. When Columbus set sail, he apparently assumed the Earth was round, which was why he was convinced that he could get to India by going west. He miscalculated the distance, though. Rethought the Earth was a smaller sphere than it is. He also di
13、d not anticipate running into a landmass before he reached the East Indies. Nevertheless, he called the aboriginal peoples he encountered in the new world Indians. Returning home, though, Columbus was able to tell his patrons, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella,that although he never did find India,
14、he could confirm that the world was indeed round.I set out for India by going due east, via Frankfurt. I had Lufthansa business class. I knew exactly which direction I was going thanks to the GPS map displayed on the screen that popped out of the armrest of my airline seat. I landed safely and on sc
15、hedule. I too encountered people called Indians. I too was searching for the source of India s riches. Columbus was searching for hardware-precious metals, silk, and spices-the source of wealth in his day. I was searching for software, brainpower, complex algorithms, knowledge workers, call centers,
16、 transmission protocols, breakthroughs in optical engineering-the sources of wealth in our day. Columbus was happy to make the Indians he met his slaves, a pool of free manual labor. I just wanted to understand why the Indians I met were taking our work, why they had become such an important pool fo
17、r the outsourcing5of service and information technology work from America and other industrialized countries. Columbus had more than one hundred men on his three ships; I had a small crew from the Discovery Times channel that fit comfortably into two banged-up vans, with Indian drivers who drove bar
18、efoot. When I set sail, so to speak, I too assumed that the world was round, but what I encountered in the real India profoundly shook my faith in that notion. Columbus accidentally ran into America but thought he had discovered part of India. I actually found India and thought many of the people I
19、met there were Americans. Some had actually taken American names, and others were doing great imitations of American accents at call centers and American business techniques at software labs.Columbus reported to his king and queen that the world was round, and he went down in history as the man who
20、first made this discovery. I returned home and shared my discover) only with my wife, and only in a whisper.Honey, I confided, I think the world is flat.How did I come to this conclusion? I guess you could say it all started in Nandan Nilekani s conference room at Infosys Technologies Limited. Infos
21、ys is one of the jewels of the Indian information technology world, and Nilekani, the company s CEO, is one of the most thoughtful and respected captains of Indian industry. I drove with the Discovery Times crew out to the Infosys campus, about forty minutes from the heart of Bangalore, to tour the
22、facility and interview Nilekani. The Infosys campus is reached by a pockmarked road, with sacred cows, horse-drawn carts, and motorized rickshaws all jostling alongside our vans. Once you enter the gates of Infosys, though, you are in a different world. A massive resort-size swimming pool nestles am
23、id boulders and manicured lawns, adjacent to a huge putting green. There are multiple restaurants and a fabulous health club. Glass-and-steel buildings seem to sprout up like weeds each week. In some of those buildings, Infosys employees are writing specific software programs for American or Europea
24、n companies; in others, they are running the back rooms of majorAmerican- and European-based multinationals-everything from computer maintenance to specific research projects to answering customer calls routed there from all over the world. Security is tight, cameras monitor the doors, and if you ar
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