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1、雾都孤儿中的批判现实主义摘要：查尔斯狄更斯是十九世纪维多利亚时期英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家，雾都孤儿是查尔斯狄更斯的一部批判现实主义的杰作。在雾都孤儿中狄更斯以奥利弗退斯特的经历为线索，向人们展示当时穷人们的悲惨生活并揭露和批判济贫法的虚伪和童工制度的残酷，并向穷人表达深切的同情，这些值得我们现代人仔细品读和反思。本文从雾都孤儿创作的历史背景及作家的生平出发，分析了维多利亚时期批判现实主义的特征及其在雾都孤儿中的具体体现。关键字： 查尔斯狄更斯 雾都孤儿 维多利亚时期 批判现实主义Critical Realism in Oliver TwistAbstract: Charles Dicken

2、s is one of the greatest representatives of English critical realism writers in the 19th century. Oliver Twist is a masterpiece of critical realism of Charles Dickens. In this novel Charles Dickens took Olivers experience as a clue showing the miserable life of the poor, exposing and criticizing the

3、 hypocritical Poor Law and the cruel child labor institution, as well as showing sympathy to the poor and appealing the upper to help the poor. This novel is worth to be read and researched，the phenomenon that was criticized by Charles Dickens are worth to be reflected upon by modern people. This pa

4、per will analyze the historical background, the life of the author and the features of critical realism in Victorian age as well as how did those features showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.Key Words: Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Victorian age Critical Realism ContentsIntroduction11 Critical

5、realism in the age of Victoria11.1 The historical background11.2 Introduction of critical realism22 Charles Dickens and Oliver Twist32.1 Introduction of Charles Dickens32.2 Introduction of Oliver Twist33 Critical realism in Oliver Twist43.1 Criticism on the hypercritical Poor Law53.2 Criticism on th

6、e child labor institution.63.3 Criticism on the crime.73.4 Sympathy to the poor8Conclusion9Bibliography10Critical Realism in Oliver TwistIntroduction Charles Dickens, the greatest representative of English critical realism, was born in 1812.At that time, a great many of corruptive institutions and a

7、 lot of injustices appeared. Charles Dickens was not satisfied with the society and attacked the social reality with his pen. Oliver Twist is the production of this period and reflects the time. Oliver Twist is the second novel of Charles Dickens, and also his masterpiece of critical realism. In thi

8、s novel Charles Dickens used the way of critical realism to reveal a dark corruptive society which caused a lot of poor and crimes and took Olivers experiences as a clue showing the miserable life of the poor, exposing and criticizing the hypocritical Poor Law and the cruel child labor institution.

9、At the same time, Charles Dickens showed his sympathy to the poor and appealed the upper to help the poor. It is worth to be read and researched，the phenomenon that was criticized by Charles Dickens are worth to be reflected upon by modern people. This paper will analyze the historical background, t

10、he life of the author and the features of critical realism in Victorian age as well as how did those features were showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.1 Critical realism in the age of Victoria Marxism believes in that works always exists in time and space, the history and the society, and it m

11、ust have social dimension and the mark of the historical period in which the work was created. So firstly this paper should tell the history background, then, the features of the critical realism will be understood better.1.1 The historical background The intensifying of Market competition caused a

12、large number of the poor, the inequality and poverty phenomena appeared in the society of England. In the heyday of laissez-faire capitalism bourgeois despised human rights and treated the employees and poor people inhuman. They believed in that poverty was caused by personal laziness, so the respon

13、sibility should be taken personally. With such ideas as a guide, in the year of 1834, driven by the industrial bourgeoisie, the government established a Poor Law. According to this law the government built workhouses everywhere in the country and people, whoever without source of income, and needed

14、social relief, were forced to enter into the workhouse. However, the helped were forced to do numerous hard physical labors. Furthermore, the living conditions inside was extremely harsh. Bourgeois believed that if the living condition of relieved people was equivalent to the people who earn ones ow

15、n living, then, the relief system would fundamentally make all the people lose motivation to work hard and diligently. If this system was really carried out and established as the supplement, an organized labor system to force those without the portrait of independence to work like a dog was needed.

16、 It was visible, that these methods actually bring “relief for the poor” into “means punishing the poor”. The ultimate goal was to get rid of burden of poor rate and provide sufficient labor source for the capitalism production. Capitalists, in order to seek the maximum profit, always increased the

17、labor hours, improved labor intensity, and reduce wage, and even hired women and children by giving lower wages. Various savage scenes in coal mines: women and children worked under the cruel condition of long hours with no safety facilities and under bad health conditions that was extremely sickeni

18、ng. Critical realism was just the production of the social background. 1.2 Introduction of critical realismWith changing of relations and the intensifying of the Social conflicts between the labor and the capital, reality is so far removed from the belief of utopia of Enlightment age. A lot of insig

19、ht writers popped up using their pens to re-examine the relations between class and the social institution, and mercilessly exposed and criticized corruptive system and overflowed egoistic moral values and sins. From a humanitarian standpoint expected deep sympathy to the unfortunate people. Under t

20、he circumstance critical realism was raised up and became the main stream of Victorian age in the field of literature. Generally speaking, the features of the critical realism are: 1) exposing and criticizing the social darkness and corruption, 2) showing sympathy towards the poor, and appealing the

21、 society to help the poor, and 3) coming up with some improvement measures to solve the contradictions, which often can not solve the problem thoroughly. Those features are the reflection of the social background of Victorian age. So, how those features showed in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens? 2 C

22、harles Dickens and Oliver Twist Before analyze that how the critical realism showed in Oliver Twist, this paper will tell the life of the writers that makes him witness the true life of the poor and the whole society and put them in the story of the Oliver Twist. Then we can easily understand the re

23、ason of the forming of critical realism writing style of Charles Dickens.2.1 Introduction of Charles DickensCharles Dickens born Feb. 7, 1812, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng.-died June 9, 1870, Gads Hill, near Chatham, Kent is considered the greatest of the Victorian period and an outstanding writer of

24、critical realism in the history of English literature. He is regarded by Marks as the top one in the list of the splendid novelists in modern England. The defining moment of Dickenss life occurred when he was 12 years old. With his father in debtors prison, he was withdrawn from school and forced to

25、 work in a shoes-polish factory in London. He was forced to work 10 hours a day. This experience in his childhood let him witness the misery life of the low. In Oliver Twist Dickens told the story following the step of and from the view of Oliver Twists to reflect and criticize the contemporary soci

26、ety and show Dickens sympathy to the poor. 2.2 Introduction of Oliver TwistOliver Twist was born Orphaned for his mothers death in child-birth and his fathers conspicuous absence, and he is brought up in workhouse by little food, where Oliver breeched regulations by requesting more gruel, and was so

27、ld to an undertaker after an abuse as a punishment. While in the service of the undertaker, Oliver was abused by Noah Claypole, and ill-treated by the undertakers for attacking Noah who insulted the orphans late mother. The orphan decided to flee from the undertaker. And he arrived in London, finall

28、y.Oliver encountered Jack Dawkins, therefore, unwittingly stumbled into the thieves association leaded by a Jewish criminal named Fagin. When, Oliver goes out for a pick-pocketing with two of Fagins underlings without knowing of what they would do. Oliver was accused of stealing by misunderstanding.

29、 He was eventually freed from accusation and put under the nurturing custody of an old gentleman named Mr. Brownlow (an old friend of Olivers father), who he was previously thought to have stolen, after falling ill in court. Oliver resided with Mr. Brownlow in great happiness. His bliss, however, wa

30、s interrupted when Nancy kidnapped him according to the order of Fagin and Oliver was employed in an illegal operation which was carried by Bill Sikes, a violent thief uses the boy to break into a house via a small window. Oliver intentionally went wrong to inform the host of the house where Sikes w

31、anted to rob, however, Oliver is shot. After being abandoned by Sikes, wounded Oliver ended up under the care of the people he had attempted to rob: Rose Maylie and the elderly Mrs. Maylie. Meanwhile, a mysterious man named Monks (half brother of Oliver) had found Fagin and was plotting with him to

32、destroy Olivers reputation for the grabbing the heritage which was belonged to Oliver Twist. Nancy, fearing their intentions, went to Rose Maylie and Mr. Brownlow to reveal their plot. Angry at the notion of his plot being foiled, and believing that she has betrayed him, Sikes murdered Nancy in a fi

33、t of rage, and then he accidentally hanged himself. Monks was forgiven by Oliver and be given half of the heritage, however, he died finally by his bed nature. Fagin is arrested and hanged for his misdeeds. Rose Maylie turned out to be the long-lost sister of Olivers mother. Rose is therefore Oliver

34、s aunt. She marries her long-time sweetheart Harry, and Oliver lives happily with his saviors.3 Critical realism in Oliver TwistOliver Twist is one of the most important social novels in Dickens early works. It was the first time that Dickens led readers into a very sad world. This novel which had d

35、eep effected on the society of that time in England was very popular and admitted by people. The novel mainly talked about little Oliver who suffered a lot in his childhood, and exposed the hypocrisy and cruelty of parish workhouse through the description of the little Olivers childhood in it. Dicke

36、ns drew a realistic picture of the horrible existence in workhouse. One of the important characteristics of the novel is the real and specific description of people who lived at the bottom of society. Their miserable lives are just the vivid reflection of the dark sides of British society. This made

37、 a lot of readers at that time get interested in social reform. People started to think about social reasons for all of those criminal phenomena.3.1 Criticism on the hypercritical Poor Law After Olivers mothers death in child-birth, Oliver was brought up in a branch of the workhouse, for the childre

38、n under nine.” the female to whose protecting care Oliver Twist was delivered over, at the very moment when the child had contrived to exist upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it did perversely happen in eight and a half cases out of ten, either that it sickened from wa

39、nt and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable little being was usually summoned into another world. No one really care whether the life of those children, what the society care was only to save money to feather her nest o

40、n the cost of the health and even life of those orphans.Oliver was taken to the workhouse after he was nine, where also ladled the gruel at mealtimes. Of this festive composition each boy had one porringer, and no more-except on occasions of great public rejoicing, when he had two ounces and a quart

41、er of bread besides. The bowls never wanted washing. The boys polished them with their spoons till they shone again; and when they had performed this operation (which never took very long, the spoons being nearly as large as the bowls), they would sit staring at the copper, with such eager eyes, as

42、if they could have devoured the very bricks of which it was composed; employing themselves, meanwhile, in sucking their fingers most assiduously, with the view of catching up any stray splashes of gruel that might have been cast thereon. Lots fell to Oliver Twist, asked for more gruel for a new come

43、r, a stronger one, who threatened to eat boy, if he couldnt get more.“Please, sir, I want some more. The master was a fat, healthy man; but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paral

44、yzed with wonder; the boys with fear. What! said the master at length, in a faint voice. Please, sir, replied Oliver, I want some more. The master aimed a blow at Olivers head with the ladle; pinioned him in his arm; and shrieked aloud for the beadle.” (Wu Weiren: History and anthology of English li

45、terature, 2007.) A hungry boy just wanted more gruel, was treated as he committed an impious and profane offence. Oliver remained a close prisoner in the dark and solitary room. As for exercise, it was nice cold weather, and he was allowed to perform his ablutions every morning under the pump, in a

46、stone yard, in the presence of Mr. Bumble, who prevented his catching cold, and caused a tingling sensation to pervade his frame, by repeated applications of the cane.They by any excuse ill-treating these orphans both physically and psychologically while announced that they were doing those for the

47、benefit of those orphans, hypocritically. The experience in the workhouse of Olive Twist, for anyone in this world, even those with stony heart would drop sympathetic tears and the most dignity one will swear the parish beadle. By telling the miserable life of those orphans in the workhouse, Dickens

48、 criticized the Poor Law.3.2 Criticism on the child labor institution.After the impious and profane offence for asking more, the workhouse wanted to send him out by cost 5 ponds.At the beginning, Oliver was narrowed to be chimney-sweeping boy. The conversation between the head Mr. Limbkins and Gamfi

49、eld, chimney-sweep “Young boys have been smothered in chimneys before now, said another gentleman. Thats accuse they damped the straw afore they lit it in the chimney to make em come down again, said Garfield; thats all smoke, and no blaze; whereas smoke arent no use at all in making a boy come down, for it only sends him to sleep, and thats volt