3428.B浅论信用证欺诈例外及银行的相关权利义务 英语文献.doc

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1、 L/C fraud preventionLetter With the development of international trade and during the process of the participating of the financial institutions, letter of credit has become one of the main means of payment in international trade. Translating and checking the letter of credit is of crucial importan

2、ce, which is not only a matter of professional skill, but also a matter of good command of professional English level. Each term in the L/C should be understood precisely. In this article, while analyzing the particular diction and sentences and stylistic features of L/C by a lot of examples, the au

3、thor put forward some main points existed in the translation of L/C and discussed the methods and skills of its translations of credit fraud exception to the principle of letters of credit fraud legal relief. In common law, the United States take the lead in the principle of statutory law, for other

4、 countries to establish a sound system with the single letter of credit provided a good model from the British courts in recent years in the case of letters of credit fraud, bank fraud exception to a clear position Terms of the applicable one of the factors to consider, in practice the principle of

5、the application has removed some obstacles. Letters of credit fraud exception to the principle of independence of the principle of additional letters of credit, but also with its own principle of the independence conflict. Through the substantial fraud to define and determine the application of the

6、principle of conditions, can make these two principles in the letter of credit mechanism was in the balance.Letters of credit(L/C)is one of the widely Used means of international trade settlementAnd it is also all important instrument for trade financeIt partially solve the problems 0f trust in inte

7、rnational tradewhen they deal with L/C business，Letter of credit is documentary transactionIndependence is its basic ruleThis rule implies that the issuing bank undertake to effect payment under L/C as long as the presented documents comply with the L/C as well as with each otherL/C business concern

8、s commonly banks home and abroad and importers and exportersIt also relate to the area of production，transportation，insurance，and quarantineIt is just because the complication and abstraction of this business that give the chance of fraud under L/CL/C fraud is a kind of crime with wisdomIt hinders t

9、he development of L/C businessIt not only destroys the financial order and bring harm to a bankS fame，but also cause the drain of assets and plunge the legal firm into dilemma which greatly influence the stability the ocietyAnd the bankbeing in the core of L/C business，while acting as different enti

10、ty in the transaction，will directly face the risk of being cheated or taking part in the fraud actionIn the letter of credit finance business, letters of credit loan package is the more important form. If the letter of credit as collateral for loans, letters of credit in the law does not affect righ

11、ts and obligations. However, the successful recovery of the loan package was a letter of credit transactions, the normal completion of the prerequisite and guarantee, if the beneficiary can not be shipped in accordance with the provisions of the letter of credit or the documents submitted by the ben

12、eficiary and the letter of credit does not comply, the issuing bank will be dishonored, If the beneficiary does not ship, then the letter is the letter of credit has become a tool of its cash in bank funds. Even customers to submit false or fraudulent bank letters of credit expired packaged loans .T

13、he main importer credit fraud is made up false facts, to deceive banks to open letters of credit and financing, cash in the bank. The most typical is the applicant and the beneficiary of the issuing colluding with false contracts, false trade background deceive bank to open long-term letters of cred

14、it, letters of credit opened, foreign beneficiary to submit false documents, but whether the applicant has not discrepancies are acceptable. Once the issuing banks external acceptance, conditional payment commitment to become unconditional payment obligations. Beneficiary on the discount to the fore

15、ign banks, sets out the bank cash for other uses. Handle shipping guarantee great risk, because banks will lose the right to protest the trial and weight and so when the bank guarantee in the process of delivery are very cautious, very strict requirements. Banks typically require customers to pay th

16、e full deposit or bond is insufficient when the implementation of the mortgage, pledge or third-party assurance measures. However , due to physical or guarantee the contents of the allowed limit the amount of goods, and bills of lading package without recourse term limits, so to ensure timely implem

17、entation of the measures, fraud is also frequent. As is the nature of the letter of credit issuing the applicant must pay to obtain the goods right after, so this shoddy or even refuse to pose as delivery shipped fraud frequently. The most common situation is that the contract is signed to purchase

18、first-class products, and customers to find the delivery is received defective, or contract to purchase the iron ore, but transported to the waste slag Soft terms for letters of credit, although there is controversy in the banking sector, but I think the opening letters of credit on soft terms equal

19、 to the implementation of fraud. Because in practice, most worried about is the importer of goods and contracts received inconsistent or poor quality and documentation requirements are consistent with the letter of credit must pay the conduct of arbitration or litigation. So banks will usually recom

20、mend bulk importer of the goods, plus a number of soft terms in order to ensure to ensure the interests of importers, such as the inspection provisions of the importer, importer of quality certificates, etc. issued. In all cases of credit fraud, whether by fraud or into the side of banks, exporters,

21、 the loss of funds is the most direct losses. Once fraud occurs, the issuing bank may advance funds to applicant formation of bad debts, while the negotiating bank may be able to recover fraudulent loans, issuing the applicant may be paid for but not received the goods, while exports commercial good

22、s may be shipped but not received payment. Banks, as the letter of credit issuing bank or advising bank should clarify its responsibilities and obligations to provide effective and thoughtful service. In particular the issuing bank should establish a primary payment responsibility of risk awareness.

23、 Notify the Bank after receipt of the letter of credit to check the signature or Miya, to determine the true no doubt, eliminate fake letters of credit. Lack of experience in the beneficiary does not know how the trial evidence, the bank should receive credit for delay, mutilation or other error to

24、the issuing bank to check and clarify, to avoid the soft terms of the letter of credit Under the law, stop payment order is mandatory. ICC official view as described in section R519 No. The general principle is: the laws of more than local transactions. Clearly, the issuing bank can not ignore the C

25、ourts stop payment order not to pay their defense is based on the stop payment order Banks should establish and improve internal rules and regulations and self-discipline mechanism to strengthen risk prevention awareness, strengthen the legal awareness of internal staff and improve their professiona

26、l quality. . Improving the quality of internal staff banks based prevention measures, but also to prevent insider fraud conspiracy and criminal elements is an important prerequisite. Banks in the credit business, in addition to strictly implement the state foreign exchange control policies, while al

27、so strengthening the links off the card audit, to strengthen corporate customers credit investigation. In the specific implementation, the banks can build customer issuing file statistics such serious customers in the past to open letters of credit conditions, also can use its broad branches and out

28、lets, as well as flexible and fast access to grasp the impact of enterprise information system changes in credit various factors and the latest status of their credit Once the banks involved in credit fraud, the credibility of their own will have an impact. The credibility of the banks like Bank of

29、life, loss of credibility of the bank equal to the loss of the market. If the bank is the injured party, the banking industry will more or less in the management of the bank that there are loopholes in the business process is not sufficiently mature, and vigilance is not high enough, not enough unde

30、rstanding of their customers, etc.; the banks customers will be considered The lack of banking expertise, is not trustworthy. If the banks involved in credit fraud, you may not only face certain sanctions, bankers will be blacklisted, lost opportunities for cooperation with other banks.Practice, the

31、 letter of credit transactions, independent abstraction. Designated payment bank acts in good faith should be protected. Basis for issuing stop payment orders, and seems to be related to the quality of goods. This should not affect the designated banks from issuing bank office be reimbursed. Such is

32、sues should refer to the UCP600 Article 4 and 5. 信用证欺诈防范在进出口贸易中,交易的双方分处于两个不同的国家和地区,远隔重洋,彼此之间不可能完全信任。因而如何实现货物和货款的对流对买卖双方是一个难题。而信用证(Letter of Credit,简称L/C)支付方式是由银行出面向出口方提供信用保障。只要出口商在信用证规定的期限内向银行提交符合信用证规定的单据,银行将对出口商履行付款义务。由此可见,信用证支付方式不仅向进出口双方提供了交单和付款的保证,而且也为贸易的双方提供了资金融通的便利。因此,信用证支付方式成为国际贸易中使用最为广泛的付款方式信

33、用证欺诈例外原则是对信用证欺诈行为的法律救济。在英美法系，美国率先将该原则成文法化，为其他国家建立健全跟单信用证体系提供了良好的借鉴模式；英国法庭近年来在信用证诈骗案件审理中，将银行的地位明确为欺诈例外条款适用的考虑因素之一，也为该原则在实践中的适用扫清了一定的障碍。信用证欺诈例外原则是对信用证独立性原则的补充，但其本身又与独立性原则产生冲突。通过对“实质性欺诈”进行定义并确定该原则的前提性适用条件，能够使这两项原则在信用证机制中获得平衡。信用证是当今国际贸易最常用的结算方式之一，信用证业务以银行信用为基础，一定程度上保证了出口人的收汇和进口人的收货。因为信用证是单据交易，独立抽象原则是信用证

34、的根本原则，这一原则要求只要单证相符，开证行就负有就对的付款责任。同时，信用证业务涉及出口商、开证行、通知行、议付行、付款行和保兑行等多个当事人及生产、运输、保险、检验检疫等各个领域。为信用证欺诈带来了可乘之机。信用证欺诈严重危害了信用证业务的顺利开展，它扰乱了金融秩序，影响银行信誉，造成资金流失，导致合法经营的进出口企业陷入困境。银行作为信用证交易的中心，在信用证交易中扮演了不同角色的同时，都面临被欺诈的风险。在预防与遏制信用证欺诈中，银行具有极其重要的作用。 对于什么是信用证欺诈，学术界并没有明确的定义，通常解释为：信用证的参与方，在信用证业务中违反诚实信用的原则，故意告知其他当事人虚假情

35、况，或者故意隐瞒真实情况，诱使其他当事人做出错误意思表示的行为都是信用证欺诈行为。虽然在银行界存在争议，但我并认为开立软条款信用证就等于实施欺诈。因为在实践中，进口商最担心的就是收到的货物与合同不符，或质量差而单据却符合信用证规定而必须先付款在进行仲裁或诉讼。所以银行也通常会给大宗货物的进口商提出建议，加上一些软条款以保证保证进口商的权益，诸如进口商验货条款、进口商出具的品质证书等等。在所有的信用证欺诈案例中，无论被欺诈一方是银行或是进、出口商，资金的损失都是最直接的损失。一旦欺诈发生之后，开证行有可能会为开证申请人垫付资金形成坏帐，而议付银行则可能被骗取贷款无法收回，开证申请人可能支付了货款

36、却收不到货物，而出口商则可能发运了货物却收不到货款。银行作为信用证的开证行或通知行，都应明确自身的责任和义务，为客户提供有效、周到的服务。尤其是开证行应当树立起第一性的付款责任的风险意识。通知行在收到信用证之后必须核对签字或密押，确定真实无疑，杜绝假冒信用证。在受益人经验不足，不知道如何审证时，银行应对收到信用证的延误、残缺或其他差错向开证行进行查询与澄清，避免软条款信用证银行应当建立健全的内部各项规章制度和自律机制，加强风险防范意识，加强内部员工的法律意识和提高他们的业务素质。 。内部员工素质的提高是银行进行防范的各项措施的基础，也是防止内部人员与不法分子同谋进行欺诈的一个重要前提。银行在办

37、理信用证业务时，除了严格执行国家外汇管理政策外，同时还要加强对开证环节的审核，加强对企业客户资信的调查。在具体实施方面，银行可以通过建立客户开证档案，认真统计这些客户以往开立信用证的情况，也可以通过运用自身广泛的分支机构和网点以及灵活、快捷的信息系统获取掌握影响企业资信变化的各种因数和其资信的最新状况银行一旦卷入信用证欺诈，对自身的信誉会有很大的影响。而银行的信誉犹如银行的生命，银行丧失信誉就相当于丧失市场。如果银行是受害一方，银行同业会认为该银行或多或少在管理上存在漏洞，在业务处理上不够成熟，警惕性不够高，对自己的客户不够了解等等；而银行的客户则会认为该银行专业知识缺乏，不值得信赖。如果银行

38、参与信用证欺诈，则不但可能面临一定的制裁，更会被往来银行列入黑名单，丧失与其他银行的合作机会。在信用证融资业务中，信用证打包放款是较为重要的一种形式。如果将信用证作为贷款担保，在法律上对信用证权利义务关系并不产生影响。但是打包贷款的顺利回收却一信用证交易的正常 完成为前提和保证，假使受益人不能按信用证规定发货或者受益人提交的单据与信用证不符时，就会被开证行拒付，如果受益人根本不出货，则信则信用证就成了其套取银行资金的工具。甚至有客户提交伪造的或者过期的信用证骗取银行打包贷款。骗取信用证主要是指进口商编造虚假的事实，欺骗银行为其开立信用证并融资，从银行套取现金。最为典型的就是开证申请人和受益人相

39、勾结，用假合同、虚假贸易背景骗银行开立远期信用证，信用证开立后，国外受益人提交假单据，而申请人不管但具有没有不符点，均予以接受。一旦开证行对外承兑，有条件的付款承诺变成了无条件的付款责任。受益人就向境外银行贴现，套出银行现金作他用。办理提货担保具有很大风险，因为银行将丧失审单权和拒付权，所以银行在办理提货担保时都非常谨慎，要求也极其严格。银行通常会要求客户交足全额保证金或者当保证金不足时，落实相应的抵押、质押或第三方保证措施。但是，由于体或担保书的内容不允许限定货物金额，同时提货单包没有追索的期限限制，所以，及时落实了保证措施，欺诈也时常发生。由于信用证的性质是开证申请人必须在付款之后才能取得货权，所以这种以次充好甚至发运垃圾来冒充交货的欺诈行为经常发生。最常见的情况是合同签订的是购买一等品，而客户提货时却发现收到的是次品，或者合同购买的是铁矿石，但运来的是垃圾渣对于软条款信用证，根据惯例，信用证交易的独立抽象性。指定银行的善意付款行为应该得到保护。签发止付令的依据似乎只是和货物的质量有关。这不应该影响到指定银行从开证行处得到偿付。此类问题应该参考UCP600第4条和第5条。根据法律，止付令的强制性。正如ICC 官方意见第R519号中所述，通常的原则是：当地的法律高于交易。显然，开证行不能忽视法院的止付令，他们不进行偿付的抗辩正是基于该止付令