[文学]Discovery and colonization of the new world.ppt

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1、Discovery and colonization of the new world,American indians,They were the earliest inhabitants in the continent.More than 20,000 years ago,Migrate from eastern siberia and might belong to the Mongoloid peoples.For thousands of years they lived and labored in the Americas.Later when the Europeans ar

2、rived in great numbers in the 16th and 17th,American Indian culture began to change as they came into contact with western culture and technology.,Discovery of the new world,The process of discoveryCondition:1.Marco Polos traveling book described that India rich in gold and jewelry2.The invention of

3、 compass3.The theory of round earth4.Turkey blocked the way to the east,Between 1488 and 1534,Europeans made several important voyages to explore the world.Christopher Columbus An Italian sailor helped by Spanish king-1492 August 3rd 87 sailors 3 ships crossed Dark Sea（Atlantic ocean）-Bahamas Cuba m

4、istook the people there as Indians,1506 died,not realizing it was a new continent.,In 1905,Colorado became the first state to observe a Columbus Day.Over the next few decades other states followed.In 1937,then President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed every October 12 as Columbus Day.Since 1971,it has

5、 been celebrated on the second Monday in October.,Columbus Day,Vespucci Amerigo In 1499,Vespucci Amerigo an Italian sailor also under the Spanish flag,sailed west and discovered the continent of South America.It was he who showed that the land they arrived was a whole new continent lay between Europ

6、e and Asia.Before long it was named after him,America,the name of the southern continent,later being extended to the northern too.,helped by Spanish king,1499 confirmed it was a new continent described it in detail in his letters sent to home1507 a German draw a new map about the new world based on

7、Amerigos letters,America is then named after him.,The route of Vespucci Amerigo,Ferdinand Magellan,Portuguese navigator,sent by Spain in 1519 with five ships to sail around the world for the first time.Magellan and his expedition were blown by storms into the strait that now bears his name(Magellan

8、Strait).He named and sailed across the Pacific Ocean(peaceful ocean),reaching the Philippines,where he was killed fighting for a friendly native king.But one of his ships returned to Spain in 1522,thus the historic voyage completed.,Magellan A Portuguese helped by Spanish king,1519 crossed the Atlan

9、tic ocean-south America-Strait of Magellan-Pacific Ocean(peaceful ocean)Philippines（killed by the natives）-Cape of Good Hope-Spain.Significance:“It opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie The Manifesto of the Communist Party”,The route of Magellan,Cape of Good Hope,Strait of Magellan,Later

10、 in 1534 the French also succeeded in planting their flags in the New world by the voyages of Jacques Cartie to Canada.In less than 50 years from 1492 to 1534,Europeans had discovered two new continents of North and South Americas and had broadened their horizons to include the whole globe.,The new

11、world was a great and rich land.North and South Americas together made up an area almost as large as Africa and Europe combined.In the new world there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development:fertile land,seas full of fish,great forests,all the essential metals,

12、and minerals,huge coal and oil supplies,and rivers rich in water power.,The ruling class of Europe fell upon this rich land greedily,only fifty years after Columbus first voyage,the Spanish and Portuguese had overrun the vast land of what is now called Latin America(South America).The settling of pr

13、esent-day United states and Canada(North America)by the English and French went more slowly,though quite cruelly.,Colonization in AmericaPortugal set up colonies in Brazil;Spain colonized South America and MexicoFrance:St.Lawrence Rive-Great Lakes-Mississippi-New Orleans,The Great Britain:1558 Eliza

14、beth I crowned 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada-being the most powerful country in controlling the sea-1603 died-1607 James I agreed to set up two companies（Virginia company of Plymouth,Virginia company of London）-start to colonize what is now known America,-1607 the first permanent colony Jamestown

15、 founded in Virginia,so Virginia is called the mother state;In April 1607 three ships with 104 English settlers,financed by the Virginia Company,arrived off the Virginia coast.They built the first successful settlement called Jamestown(in honor of their King).The location of Jamestown itself led to

16、much hardship and disease,and within the first 6 months,about half of 104 settlers died.But the first settlement,however,survived.,-1620 puritans representing the rising bourgeoisie wanted to purify the Church of England Mayflower(73 males and 29 females)-Plymouth.1620 a tiny ship called the“May Flo

17、wer”sailed from England for the New World to set a colony of Plymouth.Crowded together in the small ship were 102 passengers.About half of them were Puritan Pilgrims.,New England(Mayflower compact obey the rule and law)they landed in what is now Massachusetts.Being far from Virginia the Pilgrims dec

18、ided to set up their own government.They wrote a now famous agreement called the“Mayflower Compact”.In this Compact they agreed to stick together,to abide by majority rule,and to have a right to choose their own leader.This was the beginning of the US democracy.,poor food,hard work,cold weather-half

19、 died-Indians came to help them-In Autumn 1621 harvested-1621 celebrated the harvest the last Thursday in Nov.a fixed date Thanksgiving Day.During the first icy winter in Plymouth,the pilgrims suffered much hardship and about half of them died.When spring came,the Indians began to help them,showing

20、them how to hunt,fish,and plant.The pilgrims had a fine harvest of corn in fall.They were thankful.They made a feast and invited the native Americans who had helped them.This was the first Thanksgiving.,The first English-American 13 colonies,New England colonies:Massachusetts,Rhode Island,Connecticu

21、t,and New Hampshire.After the establishment of Plymouth colony,more Puritans arrived in the nearby areas of Massachusetts.by 1679 they set up the above four New England colonies.,Middle Colonies:the colonies of New York,New Jersey,Maryland,Pennsylvania,and Delaware some of these colonies were not st

22、arted by the English colonists.New York and New Jersey were first founded by the Dutch,and Delaware was first settled by the Swedish.These three colonies were taken by the English in 1664,The Southern Colonies:Virginia,North and South Carolinas and Georgia North and South Carolinas were settled by p

23、ioneers from other colonies,and the Georgia,the last colony,was founded in 1733,which was named after the English King George.,3.The Early Immigrants3.1 the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants(WASP)The early settlers in all these 13 colonies were from different European countries.But most of them came fro

24、m England and became generally known as the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.Religious dispute in England was one of the reasons for these people to flee to America.They also want to become rich quick in the New World which was full of promises with its virgin soil and all kinds of treasures.,3.2 Poor

25、men-indentured servants(契约）Countless poor men also poured into American colonies.They were either suffering from cold and hunger or were deep in debt.Taking advantage of these poor men,the colonial companies and big merchants spread the belief that America was a land of promise where everyone could

26、make money and enjoy freedom.Most of the poor went to America as indentured servants.After they worked for the company for 5-7 years,they became citizens with their own farms.,3.3 convicts The colonial companies and big merchants persuaded the English government to transport convicts to America.This

27、 took a burden off the English government and gave cheap labor to the colonies.After serving their term,these convicts would become free men.,4.Life in the Colonies4.1 Hard conditions met by the first colonists There was nothing but thick forests stretching far and wide before the colonists when the

28、y first arrived in America.The initial struggle for them was to tame the land and solve the problem of food and shelter.It was not easy to fell so many big trees and to farm among big stumps.A communal society Hard conditions forced them to live in a communal society in which people worked together

29、and shared their products among themselves.Later forests were cut back and large fields were cultivated,their life developed into a normal state.,4.2 The early settlers in New England developed trade and ship building.The early settlers took advantage of the many deep-water harbors there to develop

30、trade and ship-building.Wealth was rapidly accumulated in New England and huge cities were developed near the shore around harbors.,4.3 the South-two Distinct Features:1)The plantation owners in the South were devoted to agriculture.Climate and soil were more favorable in the South,so the settlers i

31、n South were mainly devoted to agriculture and lived far apart along rivers and streams.The plantation owners not only produced grain but also grew cotton and tobacco.2)There was the infamous slave labor in the South.Negro slaves,indentured servants.,4.4 The colonies adopted a tolerant policy in rel

32、igion.England remained the main source of immigrants,but it was not the only one.Large number of immigrants from Germany,Switzerland,France and many other countries also poured in.It is impossible to make the settlers from different nations all accept an established pattern of worship.,5.The War of

33、IndependenceBackground of the war:Enlightenment in Europe influenced Americans(18th century)1.John Locke（advocated free trade,free speech,and free thought.）2.Benjamin Franklin（exemplifying the Enlightenment to his countrymen.）Enlightenment provided the colonist with a theoretical and philosophical w

34、eapons against British rule.,5.The War of IndependenceBackground of the war:In the 17th and 18th centuries England fought a series of wars with France.The colonies seized the chance to develop their own industries,trade and political right.When the English finally won the French and Indian War in 17

35、63,they determined to find a means to extract more money from the colonies to pay Britains debts.-1765 Quartering Act required colonist to provide food and house for royal troops;-1765 The Stamp Act required that a stamp,purchased from British government,be placed on all legal documents,newspaper an

36、d other printed materials-1767 Townshend Act:All the goods imported should be taxed,All the above measures deeply affected the American colonies in their agriculture,industries,commerce,and investment opportunities.5.2 The Boston Tea Party5.2.1 the event itself-1773 Tea Act permitted the British Eas

37、t India Company to sell tea directly to its agents in colonies.The aim of this act was to relieve the duties of the company on its tea exported to America.By this way the company would sell tea at lower prices.Actually it gave the company a monopoly of tea business in America.For fear that Britain w

38、ould set up monopolies for the control of other American foreign and domestic trade,the colonists decide to revolt.,-Dec.16,1773,evening,Boston Tea Party dumped three ships of tea from the English company into the harbor.December 16,50 Boston citizens led by Samuel Adams disguised themselves as Indi

39、ans,boarded 3 British ships and tossed a cargo of tea worth 17,000 pounds overboard.This was the famous“Boston Tea Party”5.2.2 It was the direct cause to force England to resort to arms against her American colonies.,5.3 The First Continental CongressColonial delegates from 12 colonies(except Georgi

40、a)met in Philadelphia on September 5,1774.Declaration of Rights and Grievances(申诉)The declaration requested their King,George,to protect the rights of the colonies and to correct their unfair treatment.,Declaration rejected-peaceful resort to the conflict failed The declaration was sent to London on

41、ly to be rejected by the English Parliament.The refusal meant that there was no hope for a satisfactory reconciliation and it was no longer possible to settle the dispute by peaceful means.,5.4 The First Armed Clash“The Shot of Lexington”April 19,1775,American revolutionaries met some British troops

42、 when they were removing munitions from the small town of Lexington and Concord,Boston area.Shots soon broke out from both sides.The British“redcoats”lost the battle and retreated to Boston with a heavy loss of lives.,5.5 The Second Continental Congress5.5.1 The Second Continental Congress met in Ph

43、iladelphia on May 10,1775.,5.5.2 This Congress organized and equipped an American army and appointed George Washington commander in chief of the American forces.The congress also provide for asking help from other countries,especially France,which was a rival of Britain.,5.6 The Declaration of Indep

44、endence5.6.1 A committee was appointed to draw up the Declaration of Independence.The committee was composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adams and some other members.,5.6.2 It was formally adopted on July 4,1776.the Independence Day or National Day,5.6.3 the significance of the Declar

45、ation of IndependenceIt approached the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.,“We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights:that among these are life,liberty and the pursuit of

46、happiness.That to secure these rights,governments are instituted among men,deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends,it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it,and to institute new government,”“We must

47、 all hang together,or assuredly we shall hang separately.”,5.7 Military Struggle and Final Victory5.7.1 Militarily the colonies were not in a very favorable position.3 million-10 million advanced manufacture(munitions,weapons)strong navy,battle ships-no experience of sea battle at all,5.7.2 American

48、 revolutionary fighters suffered repeated setbacks during the first months.three reasons:-the loyalists,big merchants and bankers not everyone supported the revolution whole-heartedly.The above mentioned three kinds of colonists were either sided with the English government or have trade and busines

49、s connections with Britain.,the loose confederation of the 13 colonies The confederation of the 13 colonies was rather loose and there was no strong central government to provide for the War.Hard to raise money It was very difficult to raise enough money to finance the war.The colonies were more con

50、cerned with defending their own territories than sending their men to join the army under Washington.,5.7.3 After 1777,the war began to go against the British troops.Three reasons:the large ocean,the large territory,Franklins successful diplomatic activities,5.7.4 the decisive battle at Yorktown in