英语语法初三英语时态讲座.ppt
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1、初三英语时态讲座,Tenses,This lecture is about the contents of tenses.,Put the following sentences into English(1)我正在看书.(2)他将来.(3)你作业做完了吗?,(1)Im reading a book.(2)He will come.(3)Have you finished your homework?,从以上这三句句子中我们可以发现汉语的动词不会因为表达的动作,发生的时间不同而发生形态上的变化,而是用“正在”、“经常”、“将”、“已经”等来表示动作的时间和方式。而英语中,则用动词的形式变化来表
2、达动作的时间和方式。,I am reading a book.(由助动词am+动词现在分词reading构成,表示动作正在进行,构成现在进行时。)He will come.(由助动词will+动词原形come构成,表示动作将要发生,构成一般将来时。)Have you finished your homework?(由助动词have+动词过去分词finished构成,表示动作的完成与否,构成现在完成时。),何谓动词时态:英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表达,这种动词形式称作动词时态。动作或状态发生的时间可以有“现在”、“过去”、“将来”、和“过去将来”四种,发生的方式
3、有“一般”、“进行”、“完成”和“完成进行”四种。这样可以组合英语中的十六种时态,到高中结束我们共要学习十六种时态,到初三结束我们必须掌握八种时态。,一般现在时(The Present Indefinite Tense)现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense)一般将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense)现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)一般过去时(The Past Indefinite Tense)过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)过去将来时(The Past Future Ten
4、se)过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense),1.The sun rises in the east.2.They are playing video games at the moment.3.I have been in Beijing for half a year.4.What were you doing at 4 yesterday afternoon?,(一般现在时),(现在进行时),(现在完成时),(过去进行时),Make out what tenses they are.,5.By the time he was nine,he had spoken En
5、glish very fluently.6.She was sure she would make great progress in the future.7.He will tell you something interesting.8.The musician had a very nice piano in 1980.,(过去完成时),(过去将来时),(一般将来时),(一般过去时),Now lets analyze each tense.,一、一般现在时(The Present Indefinite Tense),1、用法:,(1)表示经常反复发生的动作Father often _(
6、go)to work on foot.,goes,(2)表示现在的状态或主语的特征He _(be)busy at the moment.,is,(3)表示客观真理、谚语等Trains _(run)faster than cars.,run,(4)用于时间或条件状语从句中,一般现在时代替一般将来时。We will go to the park if it _(not rain)tomorrow.We will leave for home as soon as the meeting _(be)over tomorrow.,2、句子基本结构:,肯定句:S(主语)+动词原形/动词第三人称单数+否定
7、句:S+dont/doesnt+动词原形+疑问句:Do/does+S+动词原形+?,doesnt rain,is,3、常与下列时间状语连用:,通常与表示频度(即动作发生的次数多少)意义的副词或词组连用.For example:always,often,usually,seldom,never,every day,from time to time,now and then(偶而),once a month,twice a year,at the moment,generally,etc,二、现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense),1、用法:,(1)表示说话时正在
8、进行的动作。The dog _(run)after a cat now.,is running,(2)表示一阶段正在进行的动作(但说话时不一定进行)They_(build)the restaurant these days.,are building,2、常用时间状语:,now,at the moment,these years,etc.,3、句子基本结构:,肯定句:S+am/is/are+动词现在分词+否定句:S+am/is/are+not+动词现在分词+疑问句:Am/is/are+S+动词现在分词+?,4、须注意的问题:,某些表示感官知觉与心理状态的动词一般不用现在进行时,而用一般现在时。
9、For example:see,hear,smell,taste,think,like,hate,want,know,have,wish,etc.He wants to visit his grandfather now.,三、一般将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense),1、用法:,表示将来某个时刻将要发生的动作或存在的状态。They _(fly)to Japan the day after tomorrow.,will fly,2、常与下列时间状语连用:,tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next week,next year,this
10、 week,this coming Saturday,tonight,in an hour,soon,etc.,3、句子基本结构:,肯定句:,S+shall/will/be going to+动词原形+,否定句:,S+shall/will/be going to+not+动词原形+,疑问句:,Shall/will/+S+动词原形?Am/Is/Are+S+going to+动词原形?,口语中大量使用be going to 结构表示事先打算,有意图要发生的动作或客观情况下即将要发生的动作。,For example:Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.,Mi
11、ss Green _(come)to the party next Sunday.,is coming,(2)Look!The old man _(die).We must send him to the hospital at once.,is dying,4、须注意的问题:有些表示位置移动或状态改变的动词(go,come,leave,arrive,die 等等),用它们的进行时来表示即将发生的动作。,四、现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense),1、用法:,1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,(1)They_(buy)a new house.(影响是他们有
12、新房子住了),have bought,(2)She_(lose)her ring.(影响是她现在没有戒子),has lost,2)表示过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态,常与“for+时间段”或“since+时间点或从句”连用。,have learned,(2)They_(stay)in this hotel since last Tuesday.,have stayed,(1)We_(learn)English for seven years.,2、常与这些时间状语连用:,already,never,ever,yet,before,twice,this month,so far,up to n
13、ow,in the past/last few years,since,for,etc.,肯定句:,S+have/has+动词过去分词+,否定句:,S+havent/hasnt+动词过去分词+,疑问句:,Have/has+S+动词过去分词+,3、句子基本结构:,4、注意的问题:,1)have/has been to 与have/has gone to 区别:have/has been to 表示“曾到过某地”,说明有过某种经历。Have/has gone to 表示“已去某地”,在途中或已到目的地。,(1)She _Qindao(她已去青岛了),has gone to,(2)I _Canada
14、(我去过加拿大),have been to,2)瞬间动词与延续性动词的区别:,瞬问动词表示短暂不能持续一段时间的动作。如come,go,leave,start,begin,buy,become,die等,而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作。如work,stay,live,learn 等,Tell the following sentences true or false.I have bought the calculator for a week.()(2)I have had the calculator for a week.(),F,T,第一句动词buy 属于瞬间动词,瞬间动词不能与
15、“for+时间段”、“since+时间点或从句”连用,如果要用,必须将瞬间动词改成持续性动词。,leave die buy put on borrow becomebe away be dead have wear keep be a,join the army fall ill catch a cold go outbe in the army be ill have a cold be outfinish/end arrive here begin/startbe over be here be on,3)since引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词通常用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时。,We_(
16、stay)in this school since we _(come)to the city.,have stayed,came,4)句型:It is+时间段+since+瞬间动词过去式,自从,It is six weeks since they came here.,5)现在完成时与一般过去时区别:,一般过去时表示过去的动作和状态,和现在不发生联系,着眼于过去,属于过去时态范畴,一般过去时与过去时间状语连用。,现在完成时尽管动作也发生在过去,但强调对现在的影响与结果,着眼于现在,属于现在时态范畴,现在完成时与表示到现在为止的时间状语连用。,五、一般过去时(The Past Indefini
17、te Tense),1、用法:1)表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。,I _(go)to visit a friend of mine yesterday afternoon.,went,(2)He_(be)a soldier three years ago.,was,2)表示过去经常反复发生的动作。,She often_(ride)a bike for half an hour every morning when she was young.,rode,She used to ride a bike for half an hour every morning when she was yo
18、ung.,3)在时间、条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。,He said he would give her the book if he _(see)her.,saw,yesterday,last week,just now,two weeks ago,in 1956,once,once upon a time,a moment ago,etc.,2、常与下列时间状语连用:,3、句子基本结构:肯定句:S+动词过去式+或 S+was/were+否定句:S+didnt+动词原形+或 S+wasnt/werent+疑问句:Did+S+动词原形+?或Was/Were+S+?,4、注意的问题:1)有时句中
19、虽没有表示确定的过去时间状语,但根据实际语言意境可判断动作或状态是过去发生的。,(2)I _(forget)to bring my calculator with me.,forgot,2)描写已故之人的动作或状态均需用一般过去时。,Mark Twain _(write)a lot of short stories in his life.,wrote,We _(have)a meeting the whole morning yesterday.,were having,六、过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense),1、用法:1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。,He
20、 _(walk)down the street this time yesterday.,was walking,2)表示过去某一时间内正进行的动作。,3)表示在过去某个过程发生的动作,这个过程往往用过去进行时表示。,(1)I _(read)an English book when he came to see me.,was reading,(2)My mother came bake while I_(do)my homework.,was doing,(While 表示“在期间”,因此所引导从句是延续性动词,而 when 引导从句,动作有短暂也有延续的,在这类情况下,延续性动词用过去进行
21、时),3、句子基本结构:肯定句:S+was/were+动词现在分词+否定句:S+wasnt/werent+动词现在分词+疑问句:Was/Were+S+动词现在分词+,2、(1)常与 at that time,this time yesterday,at eight yesterday evening,from eight to ten 等短语连用。(2)用在 when,while引导的时间状语从句中。,七、过去将来时(The Past Future Tense),1、用法:表示从过去的某一时候来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。,(1)Mother promised that she_(take)
22、me to the park this Sunday.,would take,(2)Coke said that he_(make)a trip to the seaside next Tuesday.,was going to make,2、常带the next week/day,the following week/month 等时间状语,多用在宾语从句中。,2、句子基本结构:肯定句:S+would/should+动词原形+或 S+was/were going to+动词原形+否定句:S+wouldnt/shouldnt+动词原形+或S+wasnt/werent going to+动词原形
23、+疑问句:Would/should+S+动词原形+或 Was/Were+S+going to+动词原形+,八、过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense),1、用法:,表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,可以用五个字简单概括为“过去的过去”。,(1)By last night we_(get)everything ready for the party.(把一切准备好发生在昨天晚上之前)(2)Before he joined NBA,Yao Ming_(play)for a basketball team in Shanghai for several years
24、.(在上海篮球队打球发生在参加NBA之前),had got,had played,2、常与by the end of,before,after 等构成的短语和与when,before,after 等引导的时间从句连用,还可用 在宾语从句中。,3、句子基本结构:肯定句:S+had+动词过去分词+否定句:S+hadnt+动词过去分词+疑问句:Had+S+动词过去分词+,1.Water_(freeze)at the temperature 0.,freezes,Analyze the following examples.,评析:此句虽没有时间状语,但水在0度结冰是客观规律,所以应填一般现在时。,2
25、.Its late at night.Dad _still _(work)hard to find a solution.,is,working,评析:第一句的is说明现在正在晚上,故用现在进行时。,3.The worlds first great nurse Nightinga-les birthday _(become)International Nurses Day in 1974.,became,评析:此句的时间状语是“in 1974”,明确表示过去的时间,说明谓语动词是过去发生的动作或情况,故用一般过去时。,4.What_ you_(do)when I called you yest
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