多重耐药革兰阴性菌感染治疗图文.ppt
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1、多重耐药革兰阴性菌感染与治疗,细菌感染性疾病治疗,经验性治疗:根据病史、症状、体征及实验室检查,得出初步诊断,评估可能病原体和耐药性后,病情评估后使用抗菌药物。目标治疗:感染部位、病原菌及药敏已明确,有针对性的使用抗菌药物。,Antibiotic treatment,A balancing act,Appropriate initial antibiotic treatment,Avoidunnecessaryantibiotics,Appropriate therapyMatches antibiotic sensitivities of the organism to the antibi
2、otic usedADEQUATE therapyChoose an appropriate initial antibiotic therapyUse optimal dosing(PD profiling)Select correct route of administration to ensure antibiotic penetration at site of infectionUse combination therapy,if necessary,ATS/IDSA Guidelines.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2005;171:388-416.,Im
3、proving the Probability of Positive Outcomes,Does Inappropriate Therapy Result From Antibiotic Resistance?,Inappropriate therapy is more likely if antibiotic resistance is presentAntibiotic-resistant organisms are more commonly associated with inappropriate therapy,Adapted from Kollef MH.Clin Infect
4、 Dis.2000;31(suppl 4):S131S138.,优化抗菌治疗的重要理论依据是药动学/药效学(PK/PD)研究的成果,以血浓度代表,-内酰胺类:优化药物暴露时间,PK/PD靶值:疗效最大化所需要的%TMIC 头孢菌素类60%70%青霉素类50%碳青霉烯类 40%4050临床疗效:85以上6070 最佳细菌学疗效,Drusano GL.Clin Infect Dis.2003;36(suppl 1):S42-S50.,肠杆菌科细菌 临床关注的主要-内酰胺酶,超广谱-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)高产头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶)极少数菌株产碳青霉烯酶(碳青霉烯酶KPC),MDR,XDR or P
5、DR,产ESBLs菌株血行感染死亡率显著增加(Meta分析),产ESBLs菌株与不产ESBLs菌株血行感染死亡率比较的Meta分析包括16个研究产ESBLs菌株菌血症死亡率显著增加(pooled RR 1.85,95%CI 1.392.47,P 0.001),Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum b-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia:a systematic review and meta-analysis.
6、Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy(2007)60,913920,产ESBLs菌株亚胺培南MIC分布,美罗培南和亚胺培南的血浆浓度(1g),MIC90,Dreetz M et al.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:105-109.,亚胺培南美罗培南,(常规剂量:0.5 Q6H;最少剂量:0.5 Q8H),TMICs 40%以上,抗菌药物对产ESBLs菌抗菌活性,3.0 Q12h,3.0 Q8h,8 218 430 817%1615%322%6410%耐药,MIC:64mg/L,MIC:16mg/L,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦
7、(2:1)PK/PD研究,MIC:32mg/L,选择哪种抗菌药物(which antibiotic?)感染部位的常见病原学(possible pathogens on site of infection)选择能够覆盖病原体的抗感染药物(antibiotics requirement)-抗菌谱/组织穿透性/耐药性/安全性/费用考虑药代动力学/药效动力学(PK/PD)考虑病人生理和病理生理状态(physiologic and pathophysiology)高龄/儿童/孕妇/哺乳(advanced age/children/pregnant women/breast feeding)肾功能不全/肝
8、功能不全/肝肾功能联合不全(renal/heptic dysfunction/combined)其它因素(other considerations)杀菌和抑菌/单药和联合/静脉和口服/疗程(cidal vs static/mono vs combination/IV vs PO/duration),经验性抗感染合理选择药物-considerations in choosing antibiotic for empiric therapy,评估病原体(肠杆菌科细菌?)有的而放矢!评估耐药性(是否产ESBLs)到位不越位!,评估病情严重性 广谱 VS 窄谱?单药 VS 联合?,临床病情的判定,发热
9、(38C)或低温(36C)寒战 白细胞增多(计数大于10,000109/L,特别有“核 左移”未成熟的或杆状核的白细胞)粒细胞减少(成熟的多核白细胞1000109/L)血小板减少 皮肤粘膜出血 昏迷,休克多器官衰竭 CRP升高,PCT值,如果是腹腔,胆道,泌尿道感染时:,经验性治疗首先要覆盖:大肠埃希菌肺炎克雷伯菌,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,可能产ESBLs的危险因素 反复使用抗菌药物 结石梗阻和结构异常等,实验对象,西班牙13家三甲医院2004年10月至2006年1月6000,000病人Case patients:were prospectively recruited by daily r
10、eview of blood culture results in the participating centersControl patients:Control patients from both populations were matched to case patients on the basis of hospital and time period,and were randomly selected from among eligible patients by a computerized method using the blood culture register
11、numbers in the microbiology laboratory of each participating hospital.,产ESBLs菌株血行感染:不同抗菌药物经验性治疗疗效比较,Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003;39:317,碳青霉烯类抗生素,产ESBLs菌株血行感染:不同抗菌药物经验性治疗疗效比较,不同抗菌药物治疗方案30天病死率比较:Thirty-day mortality rates碳青霉烯类 12.9%(8 of 62)头孢菌素 26.9%(7 of 26)氨基糖苷类26.9%(7 of 26),选择碳青霉烯类抗生素作为产ESBL
12、s菌株感染的经验性治疗的合理性!,Bloodstream Infections Due to Extended-SpectrumBeta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae:Risk Factors for Mortality and Treatment Outcome,with SpecialEmphasis on Antimicrobial Therapy.AAC.2004,48,(12),p.45744581,存活率,临床病例,患者曹,女,70岁,发热、呕吐伴腹泻2天,就诊肠道门诊血常规:WBC 2
13、2.4*109/L,N 93.7%CRP:258.5mg/L;PCT:20.8ng/ml肾功能:Bun 11.21mmol/L,Cr 236umol/L,大便常规,治疗及体温变化,临床病例,患者顾,男,61岁发热1周,Tmax 39.8度,伴畏寒,无明显定位症状及体征1天前就诊当地卫生院,查血WBC4.7*109/l,N86.6%,CRP146.5mg/l,“克林霉素针0.75g+利巴韦林针0.5g”抗感染5年前因“胆囊结石、胆囊炎”行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,3年前因“胆源性胰腺炎”行手术治疗,治疗及转归,舒普深3g,q8h 3天后复查WBC 2.2*109/L,N50.4%,CRP 12.8mg
14、/L,国内ESBLs菌株感染治疗,1.严重感染的病人:碳青霉烯类;2.轻中度的感染:可选择复合制剂(舒普深或特治星),应用时剂量应适当加大;疗效不佳 时可改碳青霉烯类;3.头霉素也可应用,但耐药比国外严重;4.环丙沙星85%左右耐药;阿米卡星50%左右耐药。,铜绿假单胞菌特性,铜绿假单胞菌:革兰阴性杆菌,宽0.5-1.0m,长1.5-3.0m无芽孢,有单鞭毛临床分离的菌株常有菌毛和微荚膜,在自然界中广泛分布:水、土壤及动植物可存在于人体皮肤粘膜表面,构成人体正常菌群的一部分,属于条件致病菌还可污染医疗器械甚至消毒液,从而导致医源性感染,角膜炎,医院获得性泌尿系感染 12%,烧伤感染死亡率达60
15、%,VAP 死亡率达38%-60%,肺炎 16%,铜绿假单胞菌感染的高死亡率,血流感染 10%,Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol.4,No.4,October.December 1998,手术伤口感染 8%,免疫抑制 死亡总数30%,AIDS死亡总数 50%,铜绿假单胞菌感染严重危及患者生命,铜绿假单胞菌感染者的死亡率达MRSA感染者死亡率的2倍以上,Osmon S,et al.CHEST 2004;125:607616.,死亡率,30.6%
16、,13.5%,铜绿假单胞菌组,P=0.007,n=148,MRSA组,n=49,耐药机制产金属酶(碳青霉烯类抗生素不敏感菌株中的金属酶分布,20062007,16个城市,28家医院),24 MBLs-positive isolates(9 PFGE types,A-I)low prevalence of MBL-producing strains among IRPA isolates from hospitals in mainland China,9(24/264),VIM-2,ShijiazhuangVIM-2,ShijiazhuangVIM-2,HangzhouVIM-2,Tianji
17、nVIM-2,WuhanVIM-2,ShijiazhuangVIM-2,ShijiazhuangIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouIMP-9,GuangzhouVIM-2,TianjinIMP-9,GuangzhouVIM-2,ShanghaiIMP-1,Hangzhou,
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