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1、美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans,French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoningandrevolution)二、代表作家：1、Benjamin F

2、ranklin 本杰明富兰克林 1706-1790Poor Richards Almanac 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言美国文学史复习3（Romanticisms)一、文学特征：3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain gene

3、ral characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。4、Transcendentalism 超验主义1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neith

4、er logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的

5、“洁白无瑕”二、代表作家：1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家； 4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary cri

6、tic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。“The Fall of the House of Usher”厄舍古屋的倒塌5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.作品：“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录、 “The Amer

7、ican Scholar”美国学者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。his most important works are “Representative Men ”代表and “English Traits”英国人、“Poems”诗集摘自论自然：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I becom

8、e a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗“In Walden”沃尔登成名作。“Civil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 随笔。非暴力不合作7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the pe

9、rsecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。“Mosses from an Old Manse”古厦青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像 “The Scarlet Letter”红字女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 欲望，只要快乐 Roger 女主角的丈夫Ego 自我 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实 Hester 女主角Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧师女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by h

10、er own of process“The Scarlet Letter” analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually ac

11、quires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester

12、 offered to her fellow villagers changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the othe

13、r hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him

14、 and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show ones worst to the outside world.8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”白鲸，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural whi

15、te whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰美国文学史复习4（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization 机器化2）Urbanization 城市化3）Industrialization 工业化4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克吐温的镀金时代开始5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Mid cla

16、ss3）现实主义（realism）-New York replaced Boston as the nations literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。一、时期综述：1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the

17、United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点5、Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the e

18、nd of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of societys disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no f

19、ree will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,Jac

20、k London 杰克.伦敦,Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.二、代表作家：1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚 “Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗most of the poems in “Leaves of Gr6ass”are about man and nature.3、Harriet Beecher St

21、owe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 小说家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century 代表作：“Uncle Toms Cabin”汤姆叔叔的小屋 关注农奴制度 Pay attention to serfs system4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温 美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品) 特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refer

22、s to the particular concern about the local character of a region. contribution贡献：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口语化被文学界接受 代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。“Life on the Mississippi”6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小说家；Literature theoretician 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育. (2)1st person and 3rd p

23、erson narration，第一和第三人称的叙述 代表作：“The American”、“Daisy Miller” 黛西.米勒、 “The Wings of the Dove” 鸽翼、“The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl”“ The Portrait of a Lady” 一位贵妇的画像 7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦 代表作：“The People of the Abyss”、“The Call of the Wild”、“The Sea Wolf”、The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤 “Martin Eden”(autobiog

24、raphical novel自传体小说)8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞 代表作：“Sister Carrie”嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, 美国文学史复习5（the20thcentury）1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speec

25、h, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in

26、 Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contempor

27、ary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliots “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the t

28、wentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比 novelErnest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起 “A Farwell to Arms”告别了，武器William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 喧嚣与骚动二、代表作家：1、E

29、zra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人 Imagism 意象派的代表人物。 major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”诗章2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖. “The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on

30、 a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人 多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家 代表作： “The Waste Land”荒原one of the major works of modern literature. “Four Quartets”四个四重奏poem “Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极

31、富感染力的戏剧5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家 作品：“This Side of Paradise”人间天堂，the first novel. “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比 novel “Tender Is the Night” 夜色温柔 novel6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家 写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure an

32、d using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。 代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”7、John St

33、einbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克 the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。 代表作：“Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”愤怒的葡萄regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 作品：“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses” narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者