外国乡村论文.doc

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1、德国的乡村印象景观中的农村作者：马提亚斯【关键词】乡村竞赛、景观、农村、生物多样性、土地使用、绿篱、整体规划【摘 要】 农村具有多功能，置身于自然水景或绿化的景观中，均较置身于缺乏自然景观的都市环境，有更多正面的心里效益，及恢复健康的影响，而我们身居其中，但是却不经意的忽略了它的重要性与宝贵价值。德国的乡村是常被人提及的，它的景观的美丽是有目共睹的，景观中的乡村是德国农村竞赛的一个项目，值得介绍给国人知悉，它可以认为是空间设计的概念，强调自然景观与应维护人文景观的多样性与融合性，以塑造与维护多样化性的农村地景，包括农村土地利用方式的首先秩序性，农村与外部环境、周遭景观之间的联系性与协调性，以增

2、加农村多样性发展的可能性。其具体措施如亲善环境的土地使用方式，发挥农业经营来维护自然生态的独特功能，在处理与关于爱农村的边缘空间、如绿篱、田间树叶、池塘、低地等接近自然景观元素的维护，以营造具地方自然特色与多样性风貌的农村意象。在以往农村建设时。常着眼于改善农村的近景对农村远景则补偿注意。本文引导与会者从远景观点来看农村，期待大家能认识农村整体景观的重要性，进而整体规划建设农村。一、前言德国农村竞赛计划自1961年开办迄今已满46年，不但具有悠久的发展历史与丰富的实施成果，且透过农村竞赛机制不但可激发农村自主性发展潜能；同时获取农村的成功经验，则具有示范观摩的相互学习效果，更重要的是,该竞赛机

3、制亦成为德国行政部门推动农村想开计划的整合平台，诸如农村社区的景观维护、生态保育，甚至是区域经济活动等，均与分级的农村竞赛机制，息息相关。因此，德国的农村竞赛计划，可视为启动农村社区居民的荣誉感与心向力，营造乡村特色风貌、及促进农村多元化发展的重要典范。联邦及农村竞赛评选项目，主要分为发展构想与经济创新、社会与文化生活，建造构成与发展、绿色构成与发展、景观中的农村等五项，其中景观中的农村项目是我们较不熟悉的，但确是整体环境最重要的一环，因此，本文借机由德国的农村竞赛制度及金牌农村欧豪村的经验，促使大家从另一个观点来看农村，也期待未来设计者能促使更宽广的尺度来看待我们的农村，并且善待我们的农村环

4、境。二、德国农村竞赛制度简介回顾德国农村竞赛制度的发展过程，主要源自于二次大战后的家园整治渴望，故由乡村社区居民自主发起的美化生活环境活动，成为农村竞赛最初的运动目标。然而，德国农村竞赛的主题，从1961年的我们的农村应更美，到2001年新增我们的农村有未来的副标题作为竞赛主轴。德国办理三年一次联邦级农村竞赛，开办迄今已近半世纪，具体而言，德国农村社区的发展，从战后美化家园整治需求，已转向实践环境保护、生态保育与世代传承的永恒发展路线。德国乡村发展政策的主要目标，包括强化粮食生产基地功能、保护环境生态、开发乡村地区特有的财货服务，解决乡村地区经济与社会问题、增加乡村的吸引力。因此，德国在乡村地

5、区空间规划定位上，旨在将乡村营造成一兼具生活、就业、休养与生态功能的平衡空间，我们的农村会更美-我们的农村有未来农村社区竞赛计划，是由社区居民自发性发起的在地生活品质改善运动，同时透过农村社区自有的资源条件，分别从经济、社会与文化生活、聚落建筑风格、绿色生态与环保、以及整体社区的景观塑造等面的考虑。自行构思与执行社区的发展计划，实践未来的发展愿景。联邦级农村竞赛表彰的设计，是以德国国旗为背景。说明此比赛荣耀属于国家级竞赛的成就；【房屋】则象征当地的建筑发展；【教堂】则代表当地共同信仰与社会文化；【树木】则象征农村绿化与景观的发展。整体而言，德国农村竞赛启动恬静的自主行动，让农村居民有机会表达对

6、家园的愿景与想法，并能以自身的力量入住屋、花园与生活环境的改善。三、景观中的农村概念联邦级农村竞赛的评审项目，主要分为发展构想与经济创新，社会与文化生活、建造构成与发展、绿色构想与发展，景观中的农村五项。兹将具体审查内容简述如下：1、发展构想与经济创新：农村社区居民与乡镇政府应共同研究出农村未来发展构想与规划，并针对地方产业潜力与发展方向，提出有利的规划建议。另外，在相关的农村活动中，则应讨论农业发展与相关的经济问题，以及农村生活品质的改善方案。2、社会与文化生活：农村社区相关的社团组成，应致力于整合不同年龄层的社会团体，以协力推动社会、文化活动、以及共同的生活方式。3、建造构成与发展：农村社

7、区的生活与居住品质，应透过具有地方特色建筑物的保存与维护，应而发展为具有永续性的生活空间与社区共同体。此外，农村应注重节省资源、具经营效率、亲善环境的土地、材料与科技的利用方式。4、绿化构成与发展：农村社区的绿化与园艺活动，对于和谐农村意向构成、农村的居住与生活品质，具有实质的影响效果，故农村居民应保留、发展或抚育当地的动植物生态。5、景观中的农村：有关景观中的农村的空间设计，应维护人文景观的多样性，设定土地利用方式的优先秩序性，同时应注意农村与外部环境，周遭景观之间的联系性，以增加农村多样性发展的可能性。德国农村竞赛评选内容，是以联邦政府所制定的竞赛规定为基准，而各邦的竞赛作业方式、评选内容

8、与标准，则以联邦的制定为框架，惟各邦可依其实际状况与需求，进行弹性调整。北莱茵邦农村竞赛的评选内容，仍遵循联邦竞赛评选的基本规定，除了小幅修正联邦竞赛的评审项目之外，也比照联邦竞赛制度，另行设计改邦的评审查核点，并且提出具体的可行措施，以引导邦内农村社区发展构想与规划的参考。在景观中的农村项目之目标设定为：【将农村社区与周遭田园结合为协调一致的整体风貌】，可实行的措施【维护与发展既有干地与湿地等栖息地，如池塘、小溪及其周围环境，另在植栽选择上，应该先使用当地原生态。以及维护提供休闲娱乐资源】四、金牌农村雷苓豪森村的农村发展雷苓豪森村是2007年德国金牌农村，雷苓豪森村的地理位置。位于德国西边北

9、莱茵邦、欧普市的丘陵上，为一个拥有397人、约百户家庭的小农村，并以林业经营为主。依评审团团长的总结意见，雷苓豪森村在此次联邦级评定中所获得的分数，远胜过其他该邦角逐的农村，而其制胜关键，便在于该村拥有旺盛的社会造力与社会凝聚力，进言之，雷苓豪森村不仅是外在美，在社区营造的内在成果上，更拥有一群向心力极强的村民，积极参与农村发展的事物。愿为农村未来共同发展而奋斗。此评审意见可从该村在模拟评定过程时，统计动员将近三分之一的村民，约120人的排练盛况，可见一般。基本上，该村的动员能量，正反映出具有历史悠久的德国农村竞赛的基本诉求，亦即【自助而后人助】【由上而下】地来推动农村的发展，尽管雷苓豪森村是

10、各小农村，却也能于联邦大赛中摘金，其傲人的成就，正意味着从内而外、由上而下的操作与落实，政府才有机会能清楚听到村民的声音，更能让地方建设符合在当地需求，此农村自发性的永续经营与发展模式，对于今年来日渐减缩农村建设财政的德国政府来说，更为重要。雷苓豪森村的社区营造特色与精神，可从该村与农村竞赛的表彰解析中，窥知尖尖的教堂屋顶，呈现出教堂作为地方中心的向心意义。打格状的山墙面，则代表的该村家屋的风貌，为德国具有历史特色的传统框架建筑。绿色的底圈，则勾勒出环绕该村的山林，为林业经营的场所，同时也是孕育自然生态环境的重要资源。以雷苓豪森村最新一次的社区土地重划与空间设计而言，主要重点，在于整合农村广场

11、的空间功能，理清公私有土地的关系，及改善社区内部道路的公共交通。进言之，在农村广场方面，主要将原来零落且分散的儿童游戏区与候车亭分等小型空间，整合成为技能丰富的地方中心。再者，为理清共有土地与居民私有财产间的关系，则透过农村社区与公交车行走道路之间的界限。以重新改善村内的公共运输动线，提高农用械具往返的效率，及道路交通的安全性。鉴于农村的未来发展，必须取决于农业及其相关产业的经济发展潜力。因此，农村居民、相关企业组建，及所属乡镇政府，应针对地方产业的发展潜力，适时提出有利且具创新性的发展建议。其中，除需要具体讨论出可行方案之外，更重要的是在动员研究的过程中，社区居民尤其应积极、主动参与所有相关

12、工作。以共同来改善农村的生活品质。进言之。雷苓豪森村的经济创新行动，主要展现在社区民宿与餐饮经营上，除了延续家族企业的经营形态之外，另透过闲置建设再利用方式，让传统的农村建筑，如畜舍等，重新赋予新的生活技能活力，并将可以刻画当地农村面貌元素，传留后世。整体而言，该村经济创新行动的成功因素，在于闲置农舍在利用所创造出的经济（民宿与餐饮业）、生活（农家三代同堂）与文化（传统建筑保留）三赢的局面。因为在传统农宅建筑元素与乡村旅游业结合为一体的情况下，一方面，籍以突破出地方传统民宿的特色与价值；另一方面，民宿业主可以创造三代同堂的经营的模式，并为住宿游客营造出回家度假的亲切感觉。雷苓豪森村已着手规划下

13、一波的发展构想与经济创新行动，并且将环境议题作为社区经营造的另一发展途径。诸如开发与生产亲善环境的再生能源与原料。以自然资源的运用而言，该社区居民正积极讨论如何在节约用水的同时，也能发挥用水的最大益处，其目前的成果已经达到地方水源自取，且供应全村引用的目标，故虽然该村人口增加，但用水量确有减少的现象。农村建造物（含建筑物，街道与公共设施）的构成与发展，一向是未来农村发展的重要指标之一，进言之，一个农村的生活质量与居住品质，通常可透过具地方特色建设物的保存、维护与发展程度来呈现出来，此亦为雷苓豪森村脱颖而出的另一胜选因素。举例而言，该村最大的建造特色之一，便是村内的多数建筑，一律为黑瓦白墙的典型

14、德国传统框架屋建筑，所不同的是，传统的框架建筑，虽然因时代而丧失原有的经济或生活功能，但是透过开置空间再利用的方式，得以顺利保存下来，并且赋予新的产业空间功能，如优美的传统建筑物景观、休闲旅游的营业据点。雷苓豪森村至今所使用的建筑费用，仅有30%的经费是由县政府相互资负担。其中，在住家屋舍的整修方面，政府辅助比例40%；相对的，私人则必须负担60%的费用。另外，由于农村广场属于公共设施范围，故所有建设经费，分别由上级政府与乡镇政府对半承担。整体而言，德国农村竞赛与农村发展的共同之处，在于透过公共投入，共同规划、公共打造的方式，由公私部门协力营造出乐园环境的农村家园。所谓绿色构成的要素，可以是建

15、筑屋的前院花园或是后院菜圃、街道旁的绿篱及树木、农村广场的绿草皮、花园与大树，甚至是墓园内的花草植栽等，雷苓豪森村的绿色构成的最大特色，在于将私人与公共空间的绿色构成元素，串联成绿带与绿网。一方面，可以绿美化农村社区的整体景观；另一方面绿网见构则可以同时提高楼地的生态价值。雷苓豪森村的绿网构成，并非是独立或特异的景观元素，而是能延续到农村的外部空间，使该村能和谐的镶嵌在开阔完整的谷形乡村地景之中，并呈现出德国典型的乡村意境【景观中的农村】。进言之，强调的是塑造与委会多样性的乡村地景，包括对于环境友善的土地使用，在处理与规划农村边缘空间的论题上，必须特别注意到绿篱、田间树叶，池塘、湿地等接近自然

16、景观元素的维护。一方面以营造具地方自然特色与多样性风貌的农村意向；另一方面，则能确实保障动植物的生活空间。五 结语德国农村发展的轨迹，无论在社区硬件或软件的发展上，均保留着长期来接受农业结构刻画的脉络，故操作的尺度上，皆有别于都市型社区的建设与营造方式。换言之，尽管农村的建设需求殷切，但仍应尽量避免泛都市化意象的强植。其中，如何形塑出农村特色的关键点，就在于农村社区能否顾及聚落、空间与农业三者之间的互动环境，共同营造出有传统、有历史感的农业风貌。农村竞赛所要呈现的农村，不只是一个人口聚落而已，更重要的是农村同时也是形成生命共同体的重要场所。农村竞赛作为一项国家政策的机制，对于启动德国农村的发展

17、，拥有无可取代的重要性。农村竞赛活动发展至今，更是协助德国推动整合乡村发展不可或缺的平台，进言之，透过农村竞赛所建构成出的良性竞争的机制，不仅能有效带动社区具名自发性地改善在地生活环境，更能够利用社区的既有资源，分别从经济创新、社会与文化活动、建造构成与发展、绿色构成与发展，景观中的农村等观点，共同提出社区的发展构想。此外，在农村竞赛的过程中，社区居民也学习如何顾及农村的发展背景，务实地评估农村未来的发展潜力，及居民自理实践的能力，以利农村发展计划的有效落实，整体来说，德国四十多年来的农村竞赛成果，不仅作为一个由下而上推动地方永续的练习场，同时也成为德国乡村发展政策的重要平台。农村的远景的确是

18、我们到农村去休闲、旅游、体验农村生活之中，对美景观最深刻的感受之一，如花束的稻田景观，油菜花田景观、大麻里或六十石山的金针花海，苗栗的向日葵田，都让人印象深刻。农村的建设可视为大地的化妆师，如何彩妆得更美丽，是我们需要用心思量，慎密规划的；如何与环境共存，与自然和谐共处，更是需要智慧。希望本文可以对于在农村进行各项建设的专家们有所启发，提供另一个面向的思考，期许未来的农村景观可以更美，对环境更友善。参考文献【1】【水土保持局（2007）德国农村竞赛制度规划与发展评析计划成果报告书】翻译团队：MFA环艺专业杨虎（组长）、王恩俊、刘姣、罗一凡（高师在职）王明Countryside Image in

19、 German- The Rural Village inlaid with LandsapeMatthiasKeywords The Contest of Rural. Villages. Landscape. Rural village. Bio-diversity. Green Barrier.Land use Abstract Contrasted with the Urban Area, rural village is better for human beings The rural villages are surrounded by green and blue matrix

20、 The rural environment is good to our health. Its peace and harmony will also affect our mental positively ,The Rural Village inlaid with landscape is a concept of Space Dsign and planning ,Nature and A RTIFICIAL A Scenery are involve in this concept Its a fuusion for to create and maiitainthe varie

21、ty Rural Landscape ,Further more it also enhanced the possibility of Rural Villages muliti-poles development The specific measures are as follow 1 Environment-Frirendlu Land-user to preserve thenaturalecology byfarming management，2 planning andtreatment of the border which incline with green barrier

22、， Bush ，pond and wetlands of rural village ，tokeep local provinciality。1. PrefaceGermanys competition program in rural areas since 1961 offering full 46 years so far, not only has a long history and rich implementation of the outcomes, and through the competition mechanism in rural areas can not onl

23、y stimulate the development potential of rural autonomy; also obtain the successful experience of the countryside, then a demonstration seminars for mutual learning, more importantly, the contest has become a mechanism for promoting rural Germany, the executive branch plans to open integration platf

24、orm, such as rural communities, landscape maintenance, conservation, and even regional economic activities, both with grade competition mechanism in rural areas, are closely related. Thus, the German plan of rural competition, can be regarded as residents of rural communities start yearned sense of

25、honor and power, to create a rustic style, and the importance of promoting rural diversification model. The selection criteria of the federal and rural competition, divided into development plans and economic innovation, social and cultural life, built form and development, the green form and develo

26、pment of the rural landscape, such as five, of which the rural landscape project is more did not know, but the overall environment is indeed the most important part, so this opportunity by the German competition system in rural areas and the village of Au gold medal experience in rural areas, prompt

27、ing everyone in rural areas from another point of view, but also look forward to the designer can promote a broader scale to look at our rural areas, and be kind to our rural environment.2 .Introduction to the German competition system in rural areasRecalling the development of the German system, th

28、e process of competition in rural areas, mainly from their homes after the Second World War remediation desire, it is self initiated by the rural community residents to beautify the living environment activities as a moving target the first competition in rural areas. Germany, however, the theme of

29、competition in rural areas, from 1961 Our countryside should be more U.S., to 2001 new future of our rural areas in the subtitle as the competition axis. Germany for three years, a federal rural competition, run so far has been nearly half a century, in particular, the development of rural communiti

30、es in Germany, home improvement landscaping from the post-war demand, has turned to practical environmental protection, ecological conservation and development path eternal generations .Germany, the main objective of rural development policies, including strengthening the functions of food productio

31、n base, protect environment and ecology, development of rural services and goods, unique to the region to address the economic and social problems in rural areas, increase the attractiveness of the countryside. Therefore, spatial planning in rural areas of Germany positioning, designed to both life

32、into a rural empowerment, employment, balance of rest and ecological function of space, we will be more beautiful countryside - the future of our rural areas rural community contest plan spontaneously initiated by community residents to live in quality improvement movement in rural communities throu

33、gh both its own resources, separately from the economic, social and cultural life, village architecture, green and environmental protection, as well as shaping the landscape of the whole community other side to consider. Self-concept and implementation of community development plans, vision of the f

34、uture development of practice.3The rural landscape conceptThe federal level rural competition evaluation projects mainly divided into development idea and economic, social and cultural life of innovation, building constitute and development, green conceived and development of rural five items, the l

35、andscape. This review briefly specific content as follows: 1, development idea and economic innovation: rural community residents and township government should jointly develop rural future proposition and planning, and in the light of the local industry potential and the developing direction, propo

36、ses advantageous planning proposal. In addition, in the relevant rural activity, should be discussion of agricultural development and relevant economic problems, and rural life quality improvement plan. 2, social, and cultural life: rural community related community composition, efforts should be ma

37、de to integration of different age of social group together promote social and cultural activity, and the common way of life. 3, build constitute and development: rural community lives and quality, should be through with local characteristics of buildings and maintenance, should be preserved for a s

38、ustainable development and sexual life space and communities. In addition, the countryside should notice to save resources, with operating efficiency, goodwill, environment of land, material and technology ways of using. 4, greening constitute and development: rural community greening and gardening

39、activity, to the harmonious countryside constitute, rural living intent with the quality of life, has substantial influence effect, so the rural residents should retain, development or tending local animal and plant ecology. 5, landscape of rural landscape of rural: the design of space, should maint

40、ain humanities landscape diversity, set the priority ZhiXuXing methods of land use, and should also pay attention to the rural and external environment, the surrounding landscape between the relation, to increase the possibility of the development of rural diversity. German rural competition selecti

41、on content, is established by the federal government regulation as a benchmark, and competition tongue competition practices, appraise content and standard, criterion with federal formulated as framework, but the tongue can according to the actual condition and needs, elastic adjustment. North Rhine

42、 bond rural competition of selection content, still follow the federal competition, except for selection of the basic regulation of small correction federal competition evaluation project, but also mutatis mutandis federal competition system, separately designed to gentiles review check point, and g

43、ives some specific feasible measures to guide bond in rural community development idea and planning of reference. In the rural landscape project of goal setting for: to rural communities around for coordinated rural combining integral style, can execute measures maintenance and development has both

44、the dry land and wetland habitats, such as ponds, streams and its surrounding environment, and the other in plant choice, should first use local aboriginal. And providing maintenance entertainment resources.4. Gold in rural areas - the village of Lei Ling Hausen rural developmentLei Ling Hausen of G

45、ermany the gold medal in 2007, the village rural village location Lei Ling Stockhausen. Located in the west German state of North Rhine, Op City, the hills, for a person with 397, about one hundred families in small rural areas, and to forest management based. The jury headed by a summary of the vie

46、ws of the village Lei Ling Stockhausen Evaluation in the federal level the scores obtained, far better than the other race in the states rural areas, and its key to success, it lies in the village made a strong force of social and social cohesion into words, Lei Ling Howson village is not only exter

47、nal beauty, inherent in the outcome of community development, and also has a strong cohesive force of the villagers who actively participate in rural development things. Willing to fight the common development of the rural future. This review comments can be assessed from the village in the simulati

48、on process, the statistical mobilized nearly a third of the villagers, about 120 grand rehearsal, we can see the general. Basically, the mobilization of the village energy, reflects a long history of the German countryside with the basic demands of competition, which is then self-help people help to

49、p-down manner to promote rural development, although the village is Ray Ling Howson The small village, but also in the federal contest with gold, and its impressive achievements, are means from the inside out, top-down operation and implementation, the Government has the opportunity to clearly hear the voice of the villagers, more lets meet local demand for local construction, the rural voluntary and sustainable development model for ru