3 美国文学选读 课后答案.doc
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1、 Unit 1 Benjamin FranklinAmerican LiteratureLecture One IntroductionAmerican literatureAmerican literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States.Historical BackgroundWhat do you know about American early history?1. Early history:1) In 1492
2、, Christopher Columbus found the new continent called America.2) In 1607, Captain John Smith led some Englishmen across the ocean.3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflower across the sea and settled on the new continent “New England”.Historical Background2. People:native inhabitants: I
3、ndians Immigrants mostly from Europe: Spanish; Dutch; FrenchEnglish immigrants, Jamestown, Virginia, 1607Puritansa group of religious peopleadvocated religious &moral principlesBrief Outline of American Literature1. Colonial period and Revolutionary period2.Romanticism3.The age of Realism 4. The Mod
4、ern period5. After the WWIIColonial period and Revolutionary periodTime: 1607-1783the settlement of North America- the Independence WarMajor topic:American PuritanismIntroductionThere were no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures,American writing b
5、egan with the work of English adventurers and colonists in the New World chiefly for the benefit of readers in the mother country. Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: (1)practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home
6、” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration; (2) highly theoretical, generally polemical(好辩的), discussions of religious questions.RomanticismTime: 17831861 the Independence War- the Civil WarRomanticism (1783-1865)Washington IrvingJames Fenimore Cooper Summit of Ro
7、manticism-Transcendentalism (American Renaissance)Ralph Waldo EmersonFillip ThoreauLate RomanticismNathaniel HawthorneHerman Melvillenot optimisticRomantic PoetsWalt WhitmanEmily DickensonEdgar Allen Poe:the most controversial & the most misunderstoodThe age of RealismTime: 1865-1918the Civil War- t
8、he First World Warconcern for the common-place offer an objective viewThe Age of Realism (1865-1918)Mark TwainHenry JamesNaturalismStephen CraneTheodore DreiserAmerican LiteratureColonial Period and Revolutionary PeriodTime: the settlement of North America1607 the Independence War1783 Major Topic: A
9、merican PuritanismPuritanismFeatures of Puritanism(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3) Total depravity(4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” c
10、an be saved.Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions(迫害). In content it means scrupulous (小心谨慎)moral rigor, especially hostility to s
11、ocial pleasures and indulgences, that isstrictness,sternness and austerity(苦行) in conduct and religion.With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part
12、 of the national cultural atmosphere.Actually it is a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds. General featuresTypes of writing: diaries, histories, letters etc.Content: serving either God or colonial expansion or bothForm: imitating English literary traditionsII.
13、Benjamin Franklin1706 - 1790Benjamin FranklinAmerican politician, scientist, inventor, and educator.He was a typical example of the so-called American Dream.He helped draft the “Declaration of Independence”.He conducted the difficult negotiation with France that brought financial and military suppor
14、t for America in the war.He founded the college that was to become the University of Pennsylvania.Born in a poor candle and soap makers family, he had to leave school before he was eleven.At twelve he was apprenticed to an older brother, James, a printer in Boston.When he was 17 he ran away to Phila
15、delphia to make his own fortune marking the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind.1. His LifeHe set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, Retired around forty-two, he did what was to him a great happiness: read, make scientific experiments At the same time he did a lo
16、t of famous experiments and invented many things such as volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal(双焦点的) glasses, efficient heating devices, lightning-rod and so on. Beginning his public career in the early fifties, he became a member of the Pennsylvania Asse
17、mbly, the Deputy Postmaster-General for the colonies, and for some eighteen years served as representative of the colonies in London.During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence. One of the m
18、akers of the new nation, he brought France into an alliance with America against England, and played a decisive role at the Constitutional Convention.Benjamin Franklin(17061790) printer, editor, inventor, scientist, opened his own print shop for 20 years of the lightning rodmade experiment with a ki
19、te, proving that lightning was electricity published the Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper) Benjamin Franklin(17061790) a member of the group that wrote the Declaration of Independence founded the first public library, organized the first fire department and the first paid police force, founded a scho
20、ol and a hospital. the great man of letters Autobiography自传 Poor Richards Almanac 穷理查德历书 politician, public-spirited citizen, prose writer AutobiographyA story that a person writes about his or her own life is called an autobiography. Autobiographies are written in first-person point of view, and bi
21、ographies in third-person point of view.Autobiography the greatest autobiography produced in Colonial AmericaThe work portrays a fascinating picture of life in Philadelphia, Franklin wrote the first five chapters of his autobiography in England in 1771, resumed again thirteen years later (1784-85) i
22、n Paris and later in 1788 when he returned to the United States. Franklin ends the account of his life in 1757 when he was 51 years old. AutobiographyIt is regarded as one of the most important works of American literature produced during the 18th century. It is a record of a man rising to wealth an
23、d fame from a state of poverty and obscurity, an account of the colorful career of Americas first self-made man. Autobiography It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English. First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous
24、section describes his scientific scheme of self-examination and self-improvement. AutobiographyThe style: it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). an exemplary illustration of the Ameri
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