Landmark Compass培训材料.ppt

《Landmark Compass培训材料.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Landmark Compass培训材料.ppt（180页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。

1、COMputerized Planning&Analysis Survey System,Landmark Graphics Corporation Drilling&Well Services,COMPASS,定向井、水平井计算机辅助设计和测斜分析系统,基本概念,定向井、水平井计算机辅助设计和测斜分析系统,测量系统,参考椭球体,高斯-克吕格投影,常用坐标系,设计,测量,防碰扫描,平台优选,创建/打印用户报告,来源,误差,Origins(来源)1 1987 Jamiesion Technical Software-DOS COMPASS 2 1994 DRD of Tulsa-Wellpath

2、(Directional Package)3 1995 Munro Garrett-Target(Directional Package)4 1995 Landmark-COMPASS for Windows(DOS+Wellpath+Target),测量基础,1 Geodetic System大地测量系统 Flat Earth UTM通用横向墨卡托图 GPS-全球定位系统 CGP-中国高斯投影2 Ellipsoid参考椭球体 WGS19841984年世界大地测量系统 Krasovsky1940-1940年克拉索夫斯基3 Geomagnetic Model IGRF20002000年国际地磁参

3、考场 WMM95-1995年World magnetic Model,1 Local Co-ordinate2 map Co-coordinate(平面直角坐标系，相对位置)Easting-横(E)Y坐标 Nothing-纵(N)X坐标3 Global Co-coordinate(地理坐标系，绝对位置)Latitude纬度 Longitude经度4 Lease Line(租借线)North/South-NS向投影 East/West-EW向投影,参考椭球体,高斯-克吕格投影,1 高斯投影分带 中央子午线以经度6将全球分为60个带(6投影)。我国采用由英国格林威治零子午线向东起算。我国境内最西部

4、属第13投影带，最东部为第23投影带，全国共11个 6带。2 高斯平面直角坐标系 高斯投影中，投影带的中央子午线作为纵坐标轴(X轴)，赤道所形成的直线作为横座标轴(Y轴)。投影后互相垂直，其交点即为坐标原点，构成了统一的平面直角坐标系。3 坐标换算 地质部门设计的坐标属于高斯平面直角坐标。GPS(WGS84)与BJZ54坐标的换算需通过WGS72坐标系统作为过渡。,13 23,常用坐标系,1 三个北极 地理北极、地磁北极、网格北极2 三个参数 子午线收敛角：高斯克吕格平面直角坐标纵线与地理坐标纵线之间的差角；磁偏角：地理坐标纵线与地磁坐标纵线之间的夹角，当磁北方位线在正北方位线以东时，称为东磁

5、偏角；在正北方位线以西称为西磁偏角 地质设计的坐标(高斯克吕格坐标)：井口、靶点和井底坐标3 磁偏角校正:真方位角磁方位角东磁偏角 真方位角磁方位角西磁偏角,Compass-Sign of Magnetic Declination,-MagneticDeclination,+MagneticDeclination,E,Grid North,Magnetic North,True North,Magnetic Declination,Grid Convergence,Northern Hemisphere,Remember method:Make True as basementLie in E

6、ast is“+”Draw this before using,Grid,True and Magnetic North,E,误差模型(系统),误差模型(系统)如何计算井眼轨迹的不确定性 The Error Model defines How wellpath positional uncertainty is calculated.锥形误差 Cone of Error系统椭圆误差 Systematic Ellipse矢量误差 ISCWSA(井眼测量精度工业导向委员会)(The Industry Steering Committee for Wellbore Survey Accuracy),

7、锥形误差 Cone of Error,球体误差随深度变化(误差表面是个锥体)现场和试验数据前一个球体半径+井深变化量 X 工具误差系数/1000.工具误差系数(常数或者随井斜的变化而变化)起始误差=井口半径+井眼误差 The starting error around the wellbore is the well error plus the top borehole radius(if defined).,系统椭圆误差 Systematic Ellipse,工业标准系统的内因和外因引起发生在同一个矢量方向上不考虑随机误差测斜阅读误差较小或者可以取消 There are error sou

8、rces that are random,but they are assumed to be small and tend to cancel out over a number of survey readings.某些系数和加权数不适合现代定向测斜仪器六种误差系数_ SPE 9223，C.J.M.Wolff&J.P.de Wardt,JPT Dec.1981,不居中度 Misalignment error 工具在井眼/套管中心的误差(井斜和方位)相对深度误差 Relative Depth Error 钻具长度的丈量、拉伸和测斜电缆长度误差井斜误差 True Inclination Err

9、or 测斜仪重力的影响以及仪器的井斜灵敏度罗盘误差 Compass Reference Error 磁性工具的干扰和准性的误差陀螺参考方位误差 Gyroscope Azimuth Error 支架倾斜(Gimbal Drift)造成的陀螺方位偏差磁性方位误差 Magnetic Azimuth Error 钻具的磁性影响,六种误差系数 Six Coefficients,井斜、方位误差表格 Inclination Azimuth Error Grid:更精密的仪器(速率陀螺)仪器厂家提供,矢量误差 ISCWSA,固态磁性仪器 MWD&EMS Solid State Magnetic Instrum

10、ents描述动态误差项 Dynamic Number of Error Terms误差项名称、矢量方向、与误差源的连接方式、误差项单位、误差计算公式,_SPE 56702，H.Williamson“Accuracy Prediction for Directional MWD,四种防碰扫描方法比较,三维最近距离扫描法优点：中心点之间的最近距离缺点：水平扫描法优点：易于理解缺点：不能用于水平井之间；无法扫描水平段和垂直段；不应用于非直井。,高边+方位角 优点：能够区别参考井交叉直井缺点：互成直角井眼防碰数据缺失,四种防碰扫描方法比较,法面法优点：钻头处最近点缺点：易于混淆井深相同时的距离；难以区

11、别参考井交叉直井,运行环境：Windows 95,Windows 98 or Windows NT推荐CPU：奔腾II 200Mhz安装要求硬盘：30M系统内存要求：64MSVGA：800600,COMPASS for WindowsVersion 98.7(32 bit),井眼轨迹设计,landmark,landmark,常规定向井 水平井 两维井/三维井 待钻井眼 井眼轨迹优化,定向井设计内容,(1)靶点限制条件、井眼轨迹(2)定向造斜方法及后续控制方法(3)测斜与计算(4)井眼稳定环空携岩及井内波动压力(5)钻柱扭矩及阻力,定向井轨迹设计,1 剖面类型 三段制(“J”)剖面和五段制(“S

12、”)等 二维定向井、三维定向井2 设计原则 根据油田勘探、开发部署的要求，保证安全钻井 要有利于提高油气产量和采收率 应有利于钻井、采油和修井作业 应尽可能选择比较简单的剖面类型,水平井轨迹设计,1 水平井剖面类型 小、中、大曲率半径水平井2 水平井剖面形状 双增剖面、变曲率剖面、圆弧单增剖面等3 设计依据 钻井目的及采用的钻井方式 工艺装备 条件及技术水平 目的层的厚度、产状 设计井的基本设计数据,水平井分类,分类,To MD,To TVD,To Inclination,To Direction,Dogleg/Toolface Curves,On Line by TVD(Calc.Dogle

13、g&Toolface),TVD,Lat&Dep(Calc.Dogleg&Toolface),Tangent to Point,Align by Inclination,Build/Turn Curves,Optimise trajectory design,KOP,Dogleg,Torque/Drag,Wellbore Planner,Pickit Here,Plan it Here,Share it with the drilling engineer,井眼轨迹测量计算,LANDMARK,井眼轨迹控制概念,井眼轨迹控制：采用合理的措施(包括BHA、操作参数及测控系统等),强制钻头沿预制轨道破

14、碎地层而钻进的过程。控制井眼轨迹：需要研制专门的井下工具和测斜系统(硬件)必须开发井眼轨迹预测和控制软件(软件),计算参数,基本参数：井深、井斜、方位计算参数：垂深、N和E坐标、水平投影长度、垂直分量、井眼曲率（狗腿严重度）、闭合方位、闭合距,井眼轨迹的测量与计算,测斜方法1 单点测斜:一次下井只能测一个井深的参数2 多点测斜仪:一次下井可记录井眼轨迹上多个井深处的井眼轨迹参数3 随钻测斜仪:随同钻柱一同下入井内，在钻进过程中连续测量，并实时将测量数据传至地面,测量误差的形成,1 由于井眼轨迹的理想假设，导致了与真实井眼轨迹的偏差2 测量数据在每次测量过程中存在着不同程度的误差，导致由此计算出

15、来的井眼轨迹与实际轨迹不符3 由于测点间存在间距(一般30m)，造成井眼轨迹误差,测量数据的处理,1 不确定椭圆随着井深的增加而加大2 要用陀螺测量资料校正“不确定椭园区”3 Compass提供三种误差分析方法：Cone of Error Systematic Ellipse ISCWSA,Vertical Section Viewin Borehole Azimuth,Plan View,TVD,East,V.Section,TVD,North,Vertical,Lateral,HighSide,H.Minor,Depth,Lateral,HighSide,X Borehole Plane=

16、Perpendicular to wellpathvector at depth of interest,3 Dimensional View,Compass Error Ellipse Report,X Borehole,X Borehole,Depth,测量仪器误差值,误差分类：1，系统误差 2，随机误差 3，过失误差,井眼轨迹计算方法,中国钻井行业：手工计算时采用平均角法，计算机计算时采用最小曲率Compass：最小曲率法、曲率半径法、平均角法、平衡正切法,定向井、水平井设计图例,丛式井,防碰扫描技术,目的,在丛式井设计和施工中，不仅要求中靶，而且要求防止两井交叉相碰进行邻井距离扫描有助

17、于两井任一井深时的相对位置，以便采取相应的措施,邻井距离扫描方法,3D最近距离扫描法法面法(Traveling Cylinder)平面法(Horizontal Plan)高边方位角法(Highside+Azimuth),常用扫描方法介绍,最近距离扫描：可以确定参考井井眼轴线上任一点到比较井井眼轴线的最近距离和最近距离扫描图法面距离扫描：可以确定参考点切线的法面与扫描点的交点，同时求出两点间的距离及相对方位，进而在极坐标平面上画出法面距离扫描图,扫描方法的选用,1 指导定向井施工或确定剖面符合率时，优先使用法面距离扫描2 遇到丛式井防碰问题时，宜使用最近距离扫描图3 在要求很高的定向井(如救援井

18、)施工中，应同时使用法面距离扫描图和最近距离扫描图,平台优选技术,井口排列方式 平台位置,丛式井设计,优化丛式井设计，可以提高油田开发的综合效益和加快投资回收速度。1 优化地面井口的排列方式2 优选平台位置,优选地面井口排列方式,根据每一个平台上井数的多少选择平台内地面井口的排列方式1 矩形排列：适合于一个丛式井打多口井2 环状排列：适用于在陆地或浅海人工岛钻丛式井，在一个丛式井平台上钻几十口井,优选平台位置,根据每个平台上各井井底位置(目标点)和地面条件等因素优选，优选平台位置。优选平台位置可按照平台位置的优选原则进行优选,用户报告,表格,图形,打印机,绘图仪,技术支持,010-848645

19、01,010-84864819,?,Start,课程安排,Using On-line HelpGetting help from COMPASS Data StructureHierarchical data structureSite OptimiserBest site location to drill targetsTemplate EditorCalculate template co-ordinatesPlanningDesign shape of wellpathSurvey Compute shape of wellpathAnti-collisionSeparation be

20、tween wellpathsAnti-collisionCombined exerciseWall PlotsEditing profile and plan plots,数据结构,Data Structure,Company(公司)Field(油田)Site(井场)Well(井)Wellpath(井眼轨迹)Plan and Survey(设计和测斜),COMPASS has a hierarchical data structure.,.starting at the lowest level.,Measured DepthInclinationDirection OR for Incli

21、nation Only MD,Inclination OR for InertialTVD,N/S,E/W,Survey Observation,Survey,A Survey is a series of observations made in a section of wellbore with the same survey tool on the same tool run.,Measured DepthInclinationDirection OR for Inclination Only MD,Inclination OR for InertialTVD,N/S,E/W,Surv

22、ey Observation,Survey,A Survey is a series of observations made in a section of wellbore with the same survey tool on the same tool run.The Survey Tool can be Traditional(MD,Inc,Azi),Inclination Only(MD,Inc),or Inertial(TVD,N/S,E/W).,Measured DepthInclinationDirection OR for Inclination Only MD,Incl

23、ination OR for InertialTVD,N/S,E/W,Survey Observation,Survey,A Survey is a series of observations made in a section of wellbore with the same survey tool on the same tool run.The Survey Tool can be Traditional(MD,Inc,Azi),Inclination Only(MD,Inc),or Inertial(TVD,N/S,E/W).Each Survey Tool is assigned

24、 an Error Model for calculating Positional Uncertainty.,CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlan and Survey,Wellpath,A Wellpath may have many Plans.,Wellpath,A Wellpath may have many Plans.but only one Principal Plan,Wellpath,A Wellpath may have many Plans.but only one Principal PlanA Wellpath may also have

25、 many Surveys,A Wellpath may have many SurveysA Wellpath may have many Plans.but only one Principal PlanA Wellpath will have a Definitive Wellpath,A Wellpath may have many SurveysA Wellpath may have many Plans.but only one Principal PlanA Wellpath may have a Definitive WellpathAt the Planning Stage,

26、The Definitive Wellpath may the Principal Plan.,Wellpath,A Wellpath may have many SurveysA Wellpath may have many Plans.but only one Principal PlanA Wellpath may have a Definitive WellpathAt the Planning Stage,The Definitive Wellpath may be the Principal Plan but while Drilling,it would be a combina

27、tion of the most accurate Surveys,Wellpath,A Wellpath will also have its own local Magnetic Field calculated using the Geomagnetic Model defined at the Field Level,GeomagneticField,IGRF,Wellpath,A Wellpath will also have its own local Magnetic Field calculated using the Geomagnetic Model defined at

28、the Field LevelThis local Field is calculated using an appropriate Date of Operations when surveys were being recorded and the Wellpath Location,GeomagneticField,IGRF,Survey Date:20/04/2000Loc:51 5 45”N 3 15 33”E,CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlan and Survey,Well,A Well is a surface location reference

29、d from the Site local co-ordinate system,0.0 N/S,0.0 E/W,Well,A Well is a surface location referenced from the Site local coordinate systemIt may have one or more Wellpaths referenced to it,0.0 N/S,0.0 E/W,Well,A Well is a surface location referenced from the Site local coordinate systemIt may have

30、one or more Wellpaths referenced to itIf required,a Well can have a Well Reference Point which defines a permanent point upon which vertical depths can be displayed,stored and referenced.,0.0 N/S,0.0 E/W,Well Reference Point,CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlan and Survey,A Site is a collection of Wells

31、.,A Site is a collection of Wells.The site centre may given map or geodetic co-ordinates.,A Site is a collection of Wells.The site centre may given map or geodetic co-ordinates.and an elevation above a system or Field Datum.,A Site is a collection of Wells.The site centre may given map or geodetic c

32、o-ordinates.and an elevation above a system or Field Datum.The Site coordinate system can be aligned to either True North or Grid North,N,A Site is a collection of Wells referenced by the same Local Coordinate System.The site centre may given Map or Geographic co-ordinates.and a elevation above a Sy

33、stem or Field Datum.The Site coordinate system can be aligned to either True North or Grid NorthSites can have drilling targets.,N,Drilling Targets,N,A Site is a collection of Wells referenced by the same Local Coordinate System.The site centre may given Map or Geographic co-ordinates.and a elevatio

34、n above a System or Field Datum.The Site coordinate system can be aligned to either True North or Grid NorthSites can have Targetswhich can be selected by a Wellpath,0.0 N/S,0.0 E/W,Site,Drilling Targets,N,A Site is a collection of Wells referenced by the same Local Coordinate System.The site centre

35、 may given Map or Geographic co-ordinates.and a elevation above a System or Field Datum.The Site coordinate system can be aligned to either True North or Grid NorthSites can have Targetswhich can be selected by a single Wellpathor selected by multiple Wellpaths,CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlan and S

36、urvey,Field,A Field is a collection of Sites.,Field,A Field is a collection of Sites.within the same Geodetic System.,Geodetic System,Field,A Field is a collection of Sites.within the same Geodetic System.Sites within a Field can be independently aligned to Grid North or True North,Geodetic System,G

37、,G,T,Field,A Field is a collection of Sites.within the same Geodetic System.All Sites within a Field are independently aligned to Grid North or True NorthA Field has a System Datum the name given to 0 TVD for the Field e.g.Mean Sea Level.,Geodetic System,System Datum e.g.MSL,G,T,G,Field,A Field is a

38、 collection of Sites.within the same Geodetic System.All Sites within a Field are independently aligned to either Grid North or True NorthA Field has a System Datum,the name given to 0 TVD for the Field Data within the Field can be referenced to the System Datum,Geodetic System,System Datum e.g.MSL,

39、Field,A Field is a collection of Sites.within the same Geodetic System.All Sites within a Field are independently aligned to either Grid North or True NorthA Field has a System Datum,the name given to 0 TVD for the Field Data within the Field can be referenced to the System Datum,Wellpath Datum,Geod

40、etic System,System Datum e.g.MSL,Wellpath Datum e.g.RKB,Field,A Field is a collection of Sites.within the same Geodetic System.All Sites within a Field are independently aligned to either Grid North or True NorthA Field has a System Datum,the name given to 0 TVD for the Field Data within the Field c

41、an be referenced to the System Datum,Wellpath Datum or the Well Reference Point,Geodetic System,System Datum e.g.MSL,Well Reference Point e.g.ML,Wellpath Datum e.g.RKB,A Field is a collection of Sites.within the same Geodetic System.All Sites within a Field are aligned to either Grid North or True N

42、orthA Field has a System Datum the name given to 0 TVD for the Field Data within the field can be referenced to the System Datum,Wellpath Datum or the Well Reference PointYou can select a Geomagnetic Model to compute magnetic declination at any location and time within the Field.,Field,Geodetic Syst

43、em,System Datum e.g.MSL,Well Reference Point e.g.ML,Wellpath Datum e.g.RKB,CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlan and Survey,Company,A Company may have several Fields Companies may have different policies on.,Company,A Company may have one or more Fields Companies may have different policies on.Anti-colli

44、sion calculations.,Company,A Company may have one or more Fields Companies may have different policies on.Anti-collision calculations.Survey Calculation methods,Company,A Company may have one or more FieldsCompanies may have different policies on.Anti-collision calculations.Survey Calculation method

45、s and.Survey Tool Error Parameters.,Survey History-The Definitive Path Story,Definitve Path,MWD is the only data we have so it becomes the Definitive Path,MWD replaced by a gyro survey.The gyro survey becomes the Definitive Path,MWD in next open hole section tied-on to gyro to form Definitive Path,G

46、yro run from surface replaces all previous surveys to form the Definitive Path,大地坐标Company,Field&Site setup,V.S.OriginCoordinate OriginUTMNorth References,Latitude,Departure,Lat/Dep Origin,Local Cr,Slot,Vert Sectn Origin,Projected Horizontal Displacement,Slot,Local Cr,A UTM Zone,A UTM Zone,LocalNort

47、h,From the Field Setup we know that the sites are aligned to Grid North.,A UTM Zone,LocalNorth,.so we know know the site is east of the Central Meridian.,East,West,A UTM Zone,TrueNorth,LocalNorth,East,Grid convergence(the difference between true and grid north)is+0.68,+0.68,A UTM Zone,TrueNorth,Loca

48、lNorth,East,Magnetic Declination,the angle between True and Magnetic north is-2.78,+0.68,MagneticNorth,-2.78,A UTM Zone,TrueNorth,LocalNorth,East,A direction of 183 magnetic.,+0.68,MagneticNorth,-2.78,A UTM Zone,TrueNorth,LocalNorth,East,183+(-2.78)-0.68=179.54 Local,+0.68,MagneticNorth,-2.78,Update

49、d:21 July 1998,Compass-Sign of Magnetic Declination,Compass Convention,Australian Nationl Grid Convention,Grid=True-Conv,Grid=True-Conv,Grid=True-Conv,Grid=True-Conv,+,+,+,+,-,-,-,-,Grid=True-Conv,Grid=True+Conv,Grid=True+Conv,Grid=True-Conv,Central Meridian,Equator,500,000 m,G,T,G,T,G,T,G,T,Grid=Tr

50、ue-Conv,Grid=True-Conv,Grid=True-Conv,Grid=True-Conv,+,+,-,-,Compass-Sign of Grid Convergence,靶点定义,Target Descriptions,Geometrical Targets,Geometrical Targets may be defined as a point,circle,ellipse,or rectangle.,Geometrical Targets may be defined as a point,circle,ellipse or rectangle.You can offs