厌氧生物转化食物与绿色废弃物.ppt

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1、Biogas Summit沼气国际论坛,董仁杰DONG Renjie中国农业大学教授，国际合作与交流处处长生物质工程中心常务副主任，工学院能源工程与低碳技术研究室主任 Director of International Relations,Professor and Executive Director of Biomass Engineering Center,Head of Energy Engineering and Low Carbon Technology,China Agriculture University,Biogas Production:Energy or Ecology

2、?,2,能源是社会发展的最重要的基础Energy:The Most Important for Development,中国生物能源在可再生能源中的地位Percentages of BioEnergy in Renewable Energy,3,中国生物能源中各种形式的比例Biogas in BioEnergy,4,户用沼气Household Biogas,China is the international developed country on the world for Rural AD construction,application and technical developmen

3、t,5,沼气池的效益Energy Value of Household Biogas Reactors,北京市荣各庄村单一式沼气池，旺气期约3个月，日产气率0.1左右；弱气期4个月左右，日产气率0.05左右。全年共产沼气约160立方米。【1】北京市留民营生态村每年使用70吨煤为沼气工程加温，生产了相当于200吨煤的炊事能力的沼气。【2】户用沼气的建立对农村自然环境的影响不明显，但对农村居住环境、生活环境的改善有明显有利的影响。【3】Household Biogas Reactors individually has the energy value to the households.Howe

4、ver,it is not because of it energy value,but because of the ecological advantage.Biogas is cleaner than any fuels in the rural area.For example,a household biogas reactor in Beijing can generate 0.1 m3 biogas per day per m3 of reactor for 3 warmest months and 0.05 m3 of biogas per day per m3 of reac

5、tor for other 4 moderate warm months.Household biogas helps big improvement of indoor environment.,6,【1】北京市农科院土肥所沼气室.办沼气的燃料、肥料效益试验研究报告.【2】赵立军.京郊农村发展沼气工程对能源和环境的贡献及发展思路.中国沼气.1998,16(3):40-42【3】陆慧,刘三强.农村户用沼气对环境影响的分析与评价.安徽农业科学.2007,35(14):4250-4251,沼气池的能源效益？Energy Value of Household Biogas Reactors?,能源替

6、代效益存在显著差异性。不同的能源消费者对沼气的接受度从大到小依次为：电力-液化气-煤炭和薪柴和秸秆消费者。沼气在作为薪柴和秸秆的替代能源时，其经济效益是负值，这主要是由于环境影响并不为消费者所感知。户用沼气利用对使用薪柴和秸秆的低收入农村居民并不存在经济吸引力。【1】Even for the household biogas reactor,it is less attractive for the farmers if just think about the energy value because the farmers can use crop residues which is fr

7、ee.The ecology benefits are not evidently concerned by the rural residents at present.However if enough knowledge is extended to the farmers,they are more and more care about the health.,7,【1】刘叶志,余飞虹.户用沼气利用的能源替代效益评价.内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版).2OO9,11(4):105-107,Fuel/stove impact on PM2.5,Pro-,Post-,US EPA?,Di

8、fferent places/regions,8,沼气池的定量环境效益Ecological Value of Household Biogas Reactors,户用沼气对环境影响的综合评价指标值为2.4355，达中度有利影响；对农村居民居住环境、生活条件的影响远大于对自然环境的影响。对农村社会环境影响的综合评价指标数为2.16，达中度有利影响；对自然环境影响的综合评价指标数为0.2755，为微弱有利影响。影响力由弱到强依次为大气环境(0.06)或水资源(0.06)、土地质量(0.14)、动植物资源(0.74)。对社会环境的影响由弱到强依次为农村居民的健康状况(0106)、农村居民的居住环境(

9、0.31)、农村居民的生活条件(0.63)。【1】Household Biogas Reactors ecological benefit is quantatively analyzed and categorized to have moderate impact on the environment,especially on Indoor environment.,9,【1】陆慧.农村户用沼气对环境影响的指标体系与评价.太阳能学报.2007,28(3):340-344,沼气池发展面临的问题Challenges for Household Biogas Reactors,原料问题农民的经

10、济条件和愿望为什么国家要进行补贴？为了能源，还是为了健康？Materials availabilityThe wealth and desires of FarmersWhy the government subsidize the construction of Household Biogas Reactors?For Energy?For Health?,10,保护环境生产资源EcologyResources,中国沼气工程产业化进程Road map for Biogas Plants in China,11,Dr.CAO Man,Tianren Company,大中型沼气工程定义Defi

11、nition and Evaluation of Biogas Plants,规划预测的数量差别很大【1-5】目前发展势头与规划差别很大【2、5】；实际统计数据差别大【3、5】大中型沼气工程的分类国内有差别、国际上差别更大Planed and predicted numbers are differently made by different agencies or personsCurrent number is different from that predicted;Even big difference in the current numberCategory definitio

12、n is different inside China and between domestic and international.,12,1 NY/T 667-2003.沼气工程规模分类 S.2003.52田芯.大中型沼气工程的技术经济评价研究D.北京化工大学，20073刘志强，蒋泰毅，彭爱华，等.新型红外沼气成分快速检测方法研究J.可再生资源，2007，25（5）4 李秀金.新技术助推秸秆沼气产业化J.科学时报,2008年2 月18日5 中国农村能源行业2005年度发展报告R中国农村能源行业协会，中国农村能源行业协会，2006,畜禽场沼气工程Livestock Farms AD,第一座养

13、殖场沼气工程：1982年成都凤凰山畜牧园艺场沼气工程。我国已经制定完成和部分颁布实施了沼气工程规模分类、沼气工程技术规范等近20项国家和行业标准。【1】,13,【1】胡启春,祝其丽,潘科,等.畜禽养殖场沼气工程产业发展探析.现代农业科技.2009.17:253-255【2】中国农业年鉴编辑委员会.中国农业年鉴.北京:中国农业出版.2008【3】中国畜牧业年鉴编辑委员会.中国畜牧业年鉴.北京:中国农业出版社.2008,Chengdu Phoenix Mountain Livestock Farm AD was firstly built in 1982.About 20 standards an

14、d Regulations are set up to guide the livestock farm AD construction,eg,Biogas Plants Category,Biogas Plants Technology Guidelines and so on.,2007年畜禽养殖场沼气工程 Livestock Farm ADs in 2007【2-3】,养殖场沼气工程的模式Livestock Farms AD Modules,中国在探索沼气工程的发展模式方面取得了很多经验，总结起来沼气工程包括综合利用模式、沼气生态模式和达标排放模式，分别对应着小型、中型和大型沼气工程。沼

15、气工程的规模越大，越要重视对环境的贡献或者影响。结论虽然是2004年得出的，但是至今仍然适用的是，限制畜禽场沼气工程发展的主要问题仍然是基建投资较高，一个万头规模的猪场一次性基建投资在100 万元左右，除去运行成本，再考虑贷款利息，靠沼气回收投资是多数养殖场承受不了的。另一个问题是沼气出水浓度太高，以COD 计通常超过1000 mg/m3，达不到排放标准。大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程参与市场的能力还很弱，需要政府投资政策的支持。【1】,14,【1】华永新,朱剑平.大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程模式及投资效益分析.能源工程.2004.2:11-15,The main modules of Biogas P

16、lants for livestock manure treatment are,Comprehensive ModuleBiogas Fuel and Ecological ModuleClean Discharge Module.Very interesting phenomena is the larger the plant,the more focus on ECOLOGICAL impacts/contribution of the biogas plants.Without the support from the government,livestock farms could

17、 not afford to have AD.Although some conclusions were driven in 2004 but I think they are still and even more reflecting the current situation for biogas plants in China:The main restricting factor for livestock farm AD is high investment,which is as high as 1M Yuan for a 10 M heads of pigs farm.Bes

18、ides the investment,the biogas plants digestate is still a pollution source for environment.The COD is higher than 1000 mg/m3 and the N and P are not removed.,15,Dr.CAO Man,Tianren Company,沼气工程的基本组成Main Components of one Biogas Plant,16,Dr.Norman Scott,Cornell University,奶牛发电场-美国经验Dairy Power-US Exp

19、erience,17,能源与环保并重Energy and Ecology:Energy First,中国的食品企业沼气工程：环保优先、能源效益显著Biogas in Nanyang Tianguan Co.Ltd:Ecology First but Outstanding Energy Output,18,秸秆的大规模厌氧处理：能源平衡、秸秆快速处理Plant Residue Biogas Plant:Energy Balanced and Quick Biomass Fertilizer Generated,19,沼气工程问题的根源：沼气工程的定位Core Issue for AD:What

20、 Is the Role?,社会急需但是预期不合理由于能源、肥料等效益，沼气工程可以盈利由于原料充足，沼气工程可以大量建设沼气工程本身就是环保工程，实现了减排和环境保护目标业主不积极沼气工程投资巨大，不具备经济性周年稳定运行不能保障不是完全的环保工程导致产业界如下问题【1】技术开发能力和产业体系薄弱市场发育不健全，影响沼气工程综合效益地方政策扶持及激励措施力度不够,20,【1】卢鑫,宋伟平.规模化畜禽场沼气工程现状和发展趋势.2008国际沼气学术研讨会暨产业化论坛.212-215,Critical needs with un-reasonable expectations:Economical

21、 because of energy and fertilizer benefitsAvailable materials anywhere(causing planning problems)AD is itself treating wastes so it is environmental protection facility for non-pollution dischargeLivestock Farm Owners not positiveHeavy investment and not economically attractiveNot stably running yea

22、r roundCan not be thought in fact as non-pollution dischargeResulted in the problems for AD industry【1】Weak industrialization,weak technology applicationNot well developed market for AD constructionNot well designed policy for AD promotion,沼液对环境的潜在污染：奶牛场厌氧出水（沼液）的特点Potential Pollution to Environment:

23、Digestate Characteristics,总氨氮TAN:1,200 2,500 mg/L总固体TS:12,000 38,000 mg/L总悬浮固体TSS:6,000 28,000 mg/L总磷TP:100 450 mg/L钙Ca:600 1,400 mg/L镁Mg:200 450 mg/L酸碱度pH:7.7 8.1,21,厌氧发酵原料的可行性Availability of AD Materials,除城市有机垃圾和工业有机污水外，中国另外三种主要沼气发酵原料秸秆、畜禽养殖废弃物和农村居民有机废弃物约50亿吨。可为全国2.8亿个沼气池提供足够的原料，超过2.5亿农户的总数量。【1】但是

24、原料总量充沛，不意味着均衡供应，也不意味着能源供应的充沛。1）畜禽粪便占总原料量的90%以上，而其中的50%以上来自大中型养殖场。大中型养殖场建设的沼气工程如果向农村居民供气，存在经济性问题。2）6亿吨秸秆是农民可以直接利用的厌氧发酵原料。但是一半以上的秸秆直接用于农村炊事尤其是取暖，还有用作饲料和其他原料；真正剩余的秸秆量不超过25%。3）农村沼气池不可能为农村提供取暖的用能。,22,【1】李轶冰,杨改河,楚莉莉,等.中国农村户用沼气主要发酵原料资源量的估算.资源科学.2009,31(2):231-237,Besides Organic waste from cities and indus

25、tries,the dominating organic materials for AD account for about 5 B tons.It averagely can be for the AD materials for 280 M household biogas reactors,which is more than the 250 M households in rural China.However,the“sufficient materials does not mean balanced availability.It neither means sufficien

26、t energy availability for the rural China.Livestock manure accounts for more than 90%of the AD materials.Half is from scaled livestock farm.There is economical feasibility problem for biogas distribution.Half of the 600 M tons of crop residues are used by farmers for heating and cooking,the other qu

27、arter is used for animal feed.Only 25%is available.Besides,biogas reactor for crop residues is not well developed.Biogas in rural area is only for cooking,only enough for cooking when summer.,养殖场沼气能源意义不大Question Energy Evidence of Livestock Farms AD,截止到2006年全国累计建设畜禽粪污沼气工程17475座，其中规模化沼气工程5278处。年产沼气2.

28、3亿m3，沼气发电总装机容量17.8MW，年总发电量41.55GWh；用于集中供气的沼气工程占1.5%。绝大多数沼气工程的沼气用做自身养殖场的能源。沼气工程大多数不盈利，但是对周边具有公益性和社会效益，值得政府倡导和支持。沼气工程建设投资3000-5000元/m3沼气生产能力，或者20000-30000元/kW装机容量。【1】本调研报告并没有说明调研的方法学，很难说按照统计学的基本原理进行现场调查和资料整理，很难判断沼气产量的可信度，因为绝大多数沼气工程或者没有发酵温度控制设施，或者采用沼气或煤炭加温，当采用沼气或者煤炭进行加温的时候，如果没有良好的保温，即使单个沼气工程的能源效益也将受到强烈

29、质疑。,23,【1】中国政府,世界银行,全球环境基金.农林剩余物能源化利用技术及装备调研报告:养殖场沼气发电行业技术装备及产业化应用调查和评估报告.2008.8:第一页,There are 17475 biogas plants on Livestock Farms by 2006,including 5278 medium and large scale plants.230 M m3 of biogas is claimed to be generated a year。More than 97.5%of the biogas plants are just producing bioga

30、s for on-site use as an alternative to coal.Most of the biogas plants are not financially beneficial,but they are beneficial for local regions in terms of ecology.Thats why biogas plant is still worthwhile the governmental support.The investment of a biogas plant is very high,accounting for 3000-500

31、0 Yuan/m3 of biogas production capacity or 20000-30000 Yuan/kW of electricity installation.In this REPORT there is not clear identification of methodology.It is hard to convince us that the analyses are based on statistical fundamentals.For example we could not convince ourselves on the biogas gener

32、ation.Because most of biogas plants do not have temperature control facilities.,养殖场建设沼气工程的动力Motivation for Livestock Farms to Construct AD,养殖场建设沼气工程的动力更多地来自国家对环境保护力度的加强，例如北京市从2004年即开始对规模化养殖场进行排污收费【1】，国家也一直在讨论养殖场排污的控制问题。The motivation of Biogas Plants construction is mainly from the pressure of Envir

33、onmental Protection.The other driving factor is the subsidy from the government.For example,Beijing has started to charge the livestock farms on their polluting discharge.There is a national wide discussion on why,how,and how much to charge the livestock pollution.,24,【1】梁亚娟,樊京春.养殖场沼气工程经济分析.可再生能源.20

34、04.3:50-51,环境保护将是养殖场建设沼气工程的主要驱动力Motivation for Livestock Farms to Construct AD,25,【1】梁亚娟,樊京春.养殖场沼气工程经济分析.可再生能源.2004.3:50-51,不同规模沼气工程的基本经济参数，折旧率为4.8%【1】Economical Analysis of Biogas Plants in Beijing,生物能源政策National Policy on Promotion of BioEnergy Production28,Principals:No competition with food for

35、peopleNo competition with land for cropsTake into consideration Limited energy resources Ecological environmentActions:New producers:Non-food feedstocksCurrent producers:Switch to non-food feedstocksCellulose biomass-to-liquids(BTL),2023/3/2,26,DLG,生物质能中长期发展目标Long-term Goal for Biomass Energy,2023/3

36、/2,27,DLG,Total estimated:138.74 Mtce(6.2%),with gaseous fuel of 10.71 Mtce(0.48%)The mineral fuel consumed in 2007 in China is about 2225 Mtce Planning non-mineral fuel to account for 15%by 2020.,沼气定位：能源与环保，环保优先Biogas Position:Energy and Ecology,Ecology First,政府必须对沼气工程和沼气池的建设和运行给以补贴；业主必须尽到环境保护的责任，生

37、产能源作为对于业主保护环境的一种奖励；环境保护部门负担起第三方核查的责任；社会对业主进行环保监督。It is the duty for government to subsidize the Biogas Production;The owner should be responsible for non-pollution discharge.Energy generated from this process is an award to the owner;Environment Protection Authoritys duty is clear;Whole society has

38、the right.,2023/3/2,28,DLG,哪里有有机废物在污染环境，哪里就应该有政府的资助去建设沼气工程处理这些有机废物并保证达标排放。Where there is the Organic Waste,there should be the governmental responsibility to subsidize the biogas plants construction to treat the waste and guarantee non-pollution discharge.,2023/3/2,29,DLG,沼液沼渣处理的技术走向成熟The Treatment

39、and Recycling Technologies of Digestates for Non-Pollution Discharge are Getting Mature,30,沼气工程-沼渣人工基质Artificial Medium from Solid Residues,Composting,蛭石,31,32,2023/3/2,32,DLG,沼气工程-沼液利用Biogas Digestates Utilization,Biogas Reactor,Biogas,Feeding,Purified biogas,Digestate,Digestate Tank and Biogas Pur

40、ification,Digestate adjustment,Ammonia stripping,Digestate fertilizer,近零排放、养分回收与沼气纯化Near-zero Pollution,Nutrients Recovery and Biogas Upgrading,33,34,人工湿地工程Patented Constructed Wetland,China Agricultural University,985 and 211 funded university,COLLEGES&FACULTIES,Agronomy and BiotechnologyAnimal Sci

41、ence&Technology Biological Science Economics&ManagementEngineeringFood Science&Nutritional EngineeringHumanities&Development Information and Electrical Engineering Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Public AdministrationScience Veterinary Medicine Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering In

42、ternational College at Beijing,2023/3/2,36,DLG,World Network,North America：49,Europe：45,Asia：39,Oceania:8,Africa：1,South America：2,International Organization2（IRRI，CIMMYT）,2023/3/2,37,DLG,2023/3/2,38,DLG,With Africa,生物质工程中心Biomass Engineering Center,发展战略研究室 Strategy and Climate Change能源作物研究室（育种、收获、储

43、藏、运输等）：甜高粱、微藻、木薯、麻疯树等 Energy Plants Breeding生物质转化基础研究Fundamental Researches for Biomass Conversion生物质资源化研究室（肥料、饲料、材料）Biomass Resourcilization(Fertilizer,Feed,and Materials)生物质能源化研究室（颗粒成型、气化、液体燃料、沼气工程、燃烧与排放）Biomass to Energy生物质工程装备研究室 Biomass Engineering Equipment,2023/3/2,39,DLG,国际合作建议Interests of C

44、ooperation,沼气工程标准化沼气工程适用性评价沼液沼渣的处理与利用；沼气工程近零排放技术沼气池和沼气工程泄漏评价联合申请课题/开发教学和技术培训教材国际技术转移；国际产业联盟Intl Standardization for Biogas PlantsFeasibility and Technology Availability Study of Biogas Plants in Specific RegionsTreatment and Utilization of Digestates;Near-Zero Pollution DischargeBiogas Leakage Monit

45、oring and AssessmentJoint International Projects Application/TrainingTechnology Transfer and Exchange;Intl Alliance of Biogas Technologies,2023/3/2,40,DLG,Welcome to China,Contact:Dr.Renjie DONGChina Agricultural UniversityTHANK YOU FOR ATTENTIONEmail:Tel:86 10 62737693 Fax:86 10 62737704Mobile:86 13601387967,2023/3/2,41,DLG,农业部2003年大中型沼气工程分类Biogas Plants Category Standard in 2003,42,1 NY/T 667-2003.沼气工程规模分类 S.2003.5,