[历史学]History of Chinese Society and Culture.ppt

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1、History of Chinese Society and CultureLecture 1,Presented By Wu Haiping,The First Weeks Lecture Covers:,Chinas HistoryA general outline of Chinas history(21 B.C.2009 A.D.)from Xia Dynasty to present.Focusing on the following dynasties:Qin,Tang and Qing.A brief introduction to the representative figu

2、res in different historical stages.,China,One of the cradles of civilization.A rich cultural heritageA 4,000 years of recorded history(Xia dynasty 21B.C.Peoples Republic of China present)Chinas Ancient Four Inventions.ppt Bejing Olympic Games(Movable Type)奥运会（活字印刷）.rmvb A Brief Chinese Chronology,So

3、me Important Dynasties In Chinas History,Qin Dynasty(221-206 B.C.)Han Dynasty(206 B.C.-24 A.D.)Tang Dynasty(618-907)Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),Question to ponder:How much do you know about each dynasty?,The Xia Dynasty(21st-16th century B.C.),It is the first dynasty to be describ

4、ed in ancient historical records.It was established by Yu the Great and he is best remembered for teaching the people flood control techniques to tame Chinas rivers and lakes.,The Shang Dynasty(16th-11th century B.C.),Direct information about the Shang Dynasty comes mainly from oracle bones.Oracle b

5、ones(甲骨)are pieces of bone or turtle plastron(that is,the underside of the shell,not the harder,thicker shell on top)bearing the answers to divination.The oracle bones are the earliest known significant corpus of ancient Chinese writing,and contain important historical information.,The Western Zhou(

6、11th century B.C.-770 B.C.),The western Zhou is the heyday of the Bronze Age In China.Inscriptions on Zhou bronzes frequently end with the words“for eternal preservation by oue descendants”。This is an example of hope for the handing down of the inscribed bronzes from generation to generation.,The Ea

7、stern ZhouSpring and Autumn Period(770-476 B.C.)&Warring States Period(476-221B.C.),It was a time a turmoil with incessant wars among numerous,small-semi-states.The Eastern Zhou period is also designated as a period of a hundred schools.Some of the greatest philosophers in Chinese history lived:Conf

8、ucius,Mencius,Mo Zi,Lao Zi,Zhuang Zi,etc.Seven larger kingdoms arose in the 4th century B.C.(Yan,Zhao,Qi,Wei,Han,Chu,and Qin)The dynasty was ended in 256 BC,before Qin Shi Huangs unification of China in 221 B.C.,The Qin Dynasty(221-206 B.C.),The First Qin Emperor,Qin Shihuang,had annexed the six riv

9、al states and established Qin the first feudal empire in Chinese history.The Government was highly centralized.Chinese written language,weights and measures were standardised.The Qin Dynasty enjoyed increased trade,agriculture,and military security.,The Qin Dynasty(221-206 B.C.),The Great Wall was b

10、uilt by prisoners of war and peasants.(.The Second LectureMeng Jiangnus Bitter Weeping.ppt)The invention of paper was also a product of this period.When Qin Shihuang died,a rebellion broke out and the capital Xan Yang was captured by an army led by Liu Bang who established the Han Dynasty.(.The Seco

11、nd LectureThe Emperor Qins Terra-cotta Museum.ppt),The Han Dynasty(206 BC220 AD)Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-24 A.D.&Eastern Han dynasty24-220,It is considered a golden age in Chinese history.To this day,Chinas majority ethnic group refers to itself as the Han people.The Chinese empire reached a hig

12、h point of development,rivaling the contemporary Roman Empire.Emperor Wu Di,the 5th Han emperor decreed that the knowledge of Confucian texts and teachings to be a prerequisite for appontment to government position.,A female servant and male advisor dressed in silk robes,A Han pottery female dancer

13、in silk robes,Three Kingdoms(Wei,Shu,Wu)220-280Western Jin Dynasty 265-317Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420Southern and Northern Dynasties 420-589Sui Dynasty 581-618,The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),Capital Changan(618904)(present-day Xian)Luoyang(904-907)奥运会（丝绸之路）.rmvb,Th

14、e Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),HistoryFounded by Li Yuan,who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire.Interrupted briefly by the Second Zhou Dynasty(690-705)when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne,becoming the first and only Chinese empress regnant,ruling in her own right.Gove

15、rnment：monarchy(22 emperors)Emperors of the Tang Dynasty doc,Li Yuan,Wu Zetian,Some Important Emperors of The Tang Dynasty,Tang Taizong(627 649)(Li Shimin)The second son of Li Yuan.A bold and powerful emperor good at both military strategy and Chinese calligraphy.His reign was called the Zhenguan Re

16、ign,which started the glorious period of Tang.Considered as the second great men after Confucious.,Tang Taizong,Tang Taizongs calligraphy,Some Important Emperors of The Tang Dynasty,Tang Xuanzong(712 756)(Li Longji)His reign was the longest in the Tang Dynasty and was known as the Heyday of Kaiyuan

17、because of the unprecedented prosperity.His infatuation with his consort,Yan Guifei caused neglect of duty in his later years.The TV Series The Tang Paradise 电视剧：大唐芙蓉园.rmvb A Place of Interest You Can Visit:The Huaqing Pool.ppt,Tang Xuanzong,Yan Guifei,Empress Wu Zetian,Wu ZetianAt first,she was a c

18、oncubine of Taizong.Later,she became Gaozongs concubine after Taizong died.Finally,she won the power struggle and became the only woman emperor in Chinese history.A Place of Interest You Can Visit:The Qianling Mausoleum.ppt,Wu Zetian,The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),Religion Buddhism,Daoism,Confucia

19、nism,Chinese folk religion Places of Interest You Can Visit:THE FAMEN TEMPLE.ppt THE BIG WILD GOOSE PAGODA.ppt,Xuan Zang,The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),Imperial Examinations Enabled people from all classes,rich or poor,to serve in the government bureaucracy.lasted for 1300 years.The curriculum cov

20、ering the military strategy,civil law,revenue and taxation,agriculture and geography,and the Confucian classics.,The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),LiteratureConsidered the greatest age for Chinese poetry.There are over 48,900 poems penned by some 2,200 Tang authors that have survived until modern tim

21、es.Two of Chinas most famous historical poets,Du Fu and Li Bai,belonged to this age,as well as the poets Meng Haoran,Du Mu,and Bai Juyi.,Du Fu,Li Bai,The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),Calligraphy The most noted calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty were Yan Zhenqing,Liu Gongquan,Ouyang Xun etc.A place of

22、 interest you can visit:THE FOREST OF STONE TABLETS MUSEUM.ppt,Spring Outing of the Tang Court，by Zhang Xuan(713-755)虢国夫人游春图,The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.)Painting,Beast-Head-Shaped Agate Cup,A Wine Vessel（Tang）镶金兽首玛瑙杯,The Tang Dynasty(618A.D.907A.D.),Ambushed from Ten Sides 十面埋伏,The Tang Dynasty(

23、618A.D.907A.D.),琵琶 Pipa,Five Dynasties 907-960Liao Dynasty 916-1125Northern Song Dynasty 960-1127Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279Western Xia Dynasty 1032-1227Jin Dynasty 1115-1234Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368,A pop song on blue and white porcelainby Jay Chou,The Ming Dynasty(1368-1644),Founded by Zhu Yuanzh

24、angCapital:Nanjing,BeijingOne of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history,The last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans.Zheng He,an envoy,his voyage to Africa,the Red Sea and Mecca,preceding Christopher Columbuss discovery of America by more than half a century.

25、,Zheng He,Zhu Yuanzhang,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),Also known as the Manchu Dynasty.Founded by the Manchus in what is today northeast China,Followed the Ming Dynasty in Chinese history,and was the last ruling dynasty of China.,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),The reign of the early emperors was a period

26、 of great prosperity.Three of the most able emperors were Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong.,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),Emperor KangxiKangxis long reign started when he was eight years old.At sixty one years,Kangxi had the longest reign of any Chinese Emperor.Kangxis reign is also celebrated as the beg

27、inning of an era called“Kang-Qian Golden Age”during which the Qing Dynasty reached the zenith of its social,economic and military power.The Theme Song of a TV series on kangxi YY康熙微服私访记01.inspiron.d-vb_chunk_1.rmvb,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),Emperor YongzhengAfter the Kangxi Emperors death,his four

28、th son Prince Yong(雍親王)succeeded him as the Yongzheng Emperor.Yongzheng was a hardworking administrator who ruled with an iron hand.The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735.,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),Emperor QianlongQianlong was known as an able general.Around forty years into Qianlongs reign,the Qing g

29、overnment saw a return of rampant corruption.The official Heshen was arguably one of the most corrupt in the entire Qing Dynasty.He was eventually forced into committing suicide by Qianlongs son,the Jiaqing Emperor.,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),The Fall of the Qing DynastyIn the 17th and 18th centuri

30、es the major countries of Europe in turn became capitalist societies.China continued to be an inward-looking country,oblivious to the technological and scientific revolutions.The coming Europeans to China hastened the fall of the Qing.,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),The Fall of the Qing DynastyIn the 1

31、9th century,Britain smuggled large quantities of opium into China,leading to grave social and economic consequences.The Qing government sent a court official,Lin Zexu to put a stop to the use of opium.To protect its opium trade,Britain launched the First Opium War in 1840.In 1842 an uneuqal treaty,t

32、he Treaty of Nanking which demanded reparation payments,allowed unrestricted European access to Chinese ports,was signed by the Qin Government.,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),Many historians described her as one of the most formidable women in modern history“.During the reign of her nephew the Guangxu

33、Emperor(1875-1908),Cixi was the de facto ruler of China and the Qing empire.,Empress Dowager Cixi-the dragon lady,Dowager Cixi,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),Empress Dowager Cixi In 1901,the Eight-Nation Alliance entered China as a united military force.Cixi reacted by declaring war on all eight nation

34、s,only to lose Beijing.She fled the capital only to accept peace terms by paying the foreign powers huge amounts of silver.Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu emperor both died in 1908,leaving a relatively powerless and unstable central authority.,Dowager Cixi,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),The Last E

35、mperor of China PuyiHe ruled in two periods between 1908 and 1924,firstly as the Xuantong Emperor(宣統皇帝)from 1908 to 1912,and nominally as a non-ruling puppet emperor for twelve days in 1917.,The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),On October 10,1911,revolutionary groups revolted and occupied the city of Wuchang.The victory of the Wuchang uprising brought an end to the Qing Dynasty,which has lasted more than 260 years.The formation of the Republic of China on October 10,1911 put an end to over two thousand years of Imperial rule.,The End Thanks!,