西方哲学史C6现象学与胡塞尔pptPowerPointTemplate.ppt
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1、西方哲学史,第二十八讲 现象学与胡塞尔中国人民大学哲学院 韩东晖13611261426,目录,1.什么是现象学?,2.胡塞尔:生平与文献,3.早期思想:描述现象学,4.中期思想:先验现象学,5.晚期思想:主观间性与生活世界,一、什么是现象学,Spiegelberg:现象学方法(现象学运动)研究特殊现象研究一般本质理解诸本质间的本质关系观察显现的方式观察现象在意识中的构成将对于现象存在的信念悬置起来解释现象的意义,意向性现象学分析的核心,现象学的核心理论是意向性理论:intentionalityevery act of consciousness we perform,every experie
2、nce that we have,is intentional:it is essentially consciousness of or an experience of something or other.All our awareness is directed toward objects.I seeI imagineI am involved in rememberingI am engaged in judging,I intend a state of affairs.,走出自我中心困境,现象学是近代哲学的隐秘渴望:走出自我中心自我中心:Consciousness is tak
3、en to be like a bubble or an enclosed cabinet;the mind comes in a box.机器中的幽灵Impressions and concepts occur in this enclosed space,in this circle of ideas and experiences,and our awareness is directed toward them,not directly toward the things outside.,We can try to get outside by making inferences:w
4、e may reason that our ideas must have been caused by something outside us,and we may construct hypotheses or models of what those things must be like,but we are not in any direct contact with them.We get to things only by reasoning from our mental impressions,not by having them presented to us.Our c
5、onsciousness,first and foremost,is not“of”anything at all.,Rather,we are caught in what has been called an“egocentric predicament”;all we can really be sure of at the start is our own conscious existence and the states of that consciousness.We do not know how to show that our contact with the real w
6、orld is not an illusion,not a mere subjective projection.Inception,Phenomenology shows that the mind is a public thing,that it acts and manifests itself out in the open,not just inside its own confines.Everything is outside.The very notions of an intramental world and an extramental world are incohe
7、rent.The mind and the world are correlated with one another.Things do appear to us,things truly are disclosed,and we,on our part,do display,both to ourselves and to others,the way things are.,intentionality is highly differentiatedSorting out and differentiating all these intentionalities,as well as
8、 the specific kinds of objects correlated with them,is what is done by the kind of philosophy called phenomenology.The term“phenomenology”is a compound of the Greek words phainomenon and logos.All such phenomena can be explored when we realize that consciousness is consciousness“of”something,that it
9、 is not locked within its own cabinet.,Phenomenology recognizes the reality and truth of phenomena,the things that appear.It is not the case,as the Cartesian tradition would have us believe,that being a picture or being a perceived object or being a symbol is only in the mind.They are ways in which
10、things can be.The way things appear is part of the being of things;things appear as they are,and they are as they appear.Things do not just exist;they also manifest themselves as what they are.,For phenomenology,there are no mere appearances,and nothing is just an appearance.Appearances are real;the
11、y belong to being.Things that had been declared to be merely psychological are now found to be ontological,part of the being of things.Pictures,words,symbols,perceived objects,states of affairs,other minds,laws,and social conventions are all acknowledged as truly there.,文献:Robert Sokolowski,Introduc
12、tion to Phenomenology,Cambridge University Press 2000.索科拉夫斯基:现象学导论,武汉大学出版社,2010.上面的讲义即选自本书施皮格伯格:现象学运动,商务印书馆,1995洪汉鼎:现象学十四讲,人民出版社,2008,二、胡塞尔:生平与文献,(一)生平求学于莱比锡、柏林、维也纳1887年成为哈雷大学无薪讲师1900-01出版逻辑研究执教于哥廷根大学1913年出版纯粹现象学和现象学哲学的观念I(大观念)1916年任教于弗莱堡大学1928年,海德格接任胡塞尔讲席,Edmund Husserl1859-1938,30年代是纳粹反犹运动的受害者。弟子海
13、德格尔时任弗莱堡大学校长。Edmund Husserl s manuscripts(about 45000 pages in total)were brought to Leuven(卢汶)where the first Husserl archive was founded in 1939.Today,there are further archives in Freiburg,Cologne(科隆),Paris,New York.Since 1950 the Husserl archives are editing Husserls collected works,Husserliana.
14、(简称Hua),(二)文献,1.著作Husserliana:Edmund Husserl-Gesammelte Werke,The Hague/Dordrecht:Nijhoff/Kluwer,1950-今 Edmund Husserl,Collected Works,Editor:Rudolf Bernet,Kluwer Academic Publishers逻辑研究(Logical Investigations),倪梁康译,上海译文出版社,19921998内在时间意识现象学,倪梁康译,商务印书馆,2009,胡塞尔文集(第一卷)笛卡尔沉思与巴黎讲演,人民出版社/2008(第二卷):现象学的观
15、念(五篇讲座稿):胡塞尔文集,人民出版社/2007(第七卷):文章与讲演(1911-1921),人民出版社/2009纯粹现象学通论,李幼蒸译,商务印书馆,1997欧洲科学的危机与超越论的现象学,王炳文译,商务印书馆,2001,2.研究文献扎哈维,胡塞尔现象学,上海译文出版社,2007后面的讲义即以本书为基础倪梁康,胡塞尔现象学概念通释,三联书店,2007史密斯,胡塞尔与笛卡尔式的沉思,广西师范大学出版社,2007德布尔,胡塞尔思想的发展,三联书店,1995,三、早期思想:描述现象学:逻辑研究,批判心理学主义心理主义:认识论关注的是感知、信念、判断和认识的认知本性,这些都是心智现象,因此研究其结
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