韵律学和英语的韵律结构Prosody and English Prosodic Structure.ppt
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1、WEEK 9Intonation and English Prosodic Structure,Elisabeth NorcliffeLing 11024 May 2005,Overview,Prosody and prosodic structureThe phonetic sideThe phonological sideIntonationFunctionsCharacterizing intonation:ToBIToBI and English prosodic structurePost-Nuclear domain:a test case,The suprasegmental p
2、roperties of speech,Phonetically,speech cannot be characterized just by sequences of phonemes,syllables and words.There are additional properties of speech:pitch,duration,stress.These are the suprasegmental properties of speech.,Prosody,Prosody:The suprasegmental information of natural speech,Aspect
3、s of Prosody,I met Mary and Elenas mother atthe mall yesterday.,Prosodic structure,I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday,Mary&Elenas mother,mall,(from Vendetti 2001),I met Mary and Elenas mother atthe mall yesterday.,I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday,Mary,mall,Elenas mo
4、ther,Separate phrases,with expanded pitch movements(from Vendetti 2001).,I met Mary and Elenas mother atthe mall yesterday.,The phonological aspect of prosody,The hierarchical organization of segments into constituents.Organization is determined by relative prominences at each level of structure,Pro
5、minences,Prominence at the word level:Distinguishes stressed syllables from unstressed syllables.Suprasegmental features:stress,length,Prominences at the sentence level:Divides utterances into phrasal chunksPitch accents,boundary tones,length,Prosodic structure,Utterance UIntonational PIPIP Intermed
6、iate P XPXPXPWordW W W W W Syllable S S S S S S S S S S,The phonetic side of prosody,Deals with the acoustic correlates of prosodic organizationVarious suprasegmental acoustic properties function as cues for the suprasegmental features.,photographphotography,Phonetic correlates of prosody:Stress,Str
7、ess is cued by duration and/or amplitude at the word level.Stressed syllables are longer and louder.,Legumes are a GOOD source of vitamins,(from Vendetti 2001),Stress is cued by F0(pitch)at the phrase level(i.e.,pitch accents).Stressed words have pitch accents.,Whenever I eat cake,I laugh Whenever I
8、 eat,I laugh,Phonetic correlates of prosody:Structural position,A segments position in the prosodic structure also has particular phonetic properties,for example:Pre boundary lengthening:Prosodic structure is correlated with pre-boundary lengthening(the lengthening of a segment at the end of a proso
9、dic constituent).,Summary,Prosody:suprasegmental informationTwo aspects:Phonology(prosodic structure,defined by suprasegmental features)Phonetics(acoustic correlates of the suprasegmental features),The high end of the prosodic hierarchy:Intonation,Intonation is the controlled modulation of voice pit
10、ch across a phrase or phrases.SignificantUtterances differing only in intonation differ in meaningSystematic Finite number of intonation patterns in a given languageLanguage specific,Are WATERMELONS a good source ofvitamins?,No,LEGUMES are a good source of vitamins,Functions of intonation in English
11、:,LEGUMES are a good source of vitamins,(from Vendetti 2001),Are legumes a good source of IRON?,No,legumes are a good source of VITAMINS,Information structure in English:,legumes are a good source of VITAMINS,(from Vendetti 2001),Functions of intonation,Aspects of meaning,information structureLangua
12、ge specific,The functions of intonation in English,When danger threatens your children call the police?,The functions of intonation in English:Syntactic structure,When danger threatens your children call the policeWhen danger threatens your children call the police,Some functions of intonation,Aspec
13、ts of syntactic structure(phrasing,resolution of structural ambiguities)(Possibly)language universal,Characterizing intonation,Abstract contours can be described as a string of categorically distinct elements:target pitches(pitch accents).Pitch accents associate with stressed syllables in words in c
14、ontext.,ToBI,A system for characterizing English intonation in terms of target pitches.,Intonational phrase,Tone:H*H*L-L%Segmental:We know a man in our areaTone:H*L*H-H%Segmental:We know a man in our area?,Th a t ones for M a r i a nna.H*L-L+H*L-L%,Th a t ones for M a r i a nna.,Summary,Intonation:t
15、he high end of prosodic structureFunctions of intonation:Meaning,information structureSyntactic structure(disambiguation)Characterizing intonationToBI:abstract contours sequences of accents,Back to Prosodic structure,Pitch accents and boundary tones of the ToBI system are used to define precisely th
16、e higher levels of prosodic structure in English:,ToBI and prosodic structure,There are two levels of prosodic phrasing above the level of the prosodic word:Intermediate phraseIntonational phrase,Prosodic hierarchy,Utterance UIntonational PIPIP Intermediate P XPXPXPWordW W W W WSyllable S S S S S S
17、S S S S,Prosodic structure:phrasing,1.The intermediate phrase:a)contains one or more pitch accents(L*,L+H*,etc.)b)followed by a phrase accent(H-,L-)(a tone that fills up the space after the last pitch accent in a phrase).2.The intonational phrase:a)contains at least one intermediate phraseb)followed
18、 by an H%or L%boundary tone.,Th a t ones for M a r i a nna.H*L-L+H*L-L%,An example:ToBI,Th a t ones for M a r i a nna.,Intonational phrase,Intermediate phrase,Intermediate phrase,Summary,Top levels of prosodic structure(above the word level)defined according to the distribution of pitch accents and
19、boundary tones.Two levels of phrasing above the word:Intermediate phraseIntonational phrase,Pitch accents and English prosodic structure(from Norcliffe and Jaeger 2005,Jaeger and Norcliffe 2005),The prevalent theories of English prosodic structure(including ToBI)all include some form of the followin
20、g pitch accent requirement:Pitch Accent Requirement(PAR)Prosodic units above the level of the prosodic word contain at least one pitch accent.New evidence from the post-nuclear domain that questions this claim(Norcliffe and Jaeger 2005).,The post-nuclear domain,The strongest accent in a phrase is th
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