复合材料力学讲义1(1).ppt
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1、复合材料结构及其力学,孟松鹤,4,九个非零分量,四个独立常数,但是广义的正交各向异性层板剪应变和正应力,剪应力和正应变存在耦合,简单层板在任意方向上的应力-应变关系,非主方向的xy坐标系下受力的正交各向异性简单层板的表观工程常数为:,简单层板在任意方向上的应力-应变关系,强度准则最大应力最大应变蔡-希尔霍夫曼蔡-胡,神七-出舱-太空行走尤里.加加林 约翰.格伦双子星座东方号-上升号-金鹰舱外宇航服-列昂诺夫1965-3-18 旋转 膨胀 190/min极限压力 210s 几公斤 2X3L水几千公里-乌拉尔山1965年6月 爱德华.怀特 双子星座 喷气机动枪,复合材料力学重点内容,简单层板的宏观
2、力学性能,简单层板的微观力学性能,简单层板的应力应变关系,简单层板的强度问题,刚度的弹性力学分析方法,刚度的材料力学分析方法,强度的材料力学分析方法,简单层板的宏观力学性能,复合材料力学重点内容,经典层合理论,层合板的强度问题,层合板的应力应变关系,刚度的特殊情况,层间应力,强度分析方法,层合板设计,层合板的宏观力学性能,层合板的弯曲振动与屈曲,简单层板的微观力学性能,考虑多组份材料的构成,组分之间的相互作用用什么样的增强相、基体及复合工艺,获得的复合材料的性能如何?材料性能如何随材料组份含量变化而变化?微观力学:研究材料性能时,详细地研究组分材料的相互作用,并作为确定不均匀复合材料性能的一部
3、分宏观力学:假定材料是均匀的,组分材料的影响仅作为复合材料的平均“表观”性能来考虑如何预测复合材料性能的知识,对制造具有一定表观或宏观性能的复合材料来说是基本的,引 言,引 言,用实验方法系统测定各种复合材料的宏观弹性特性和微观力学性能的关系涉及参数太多,费用巨大复合材料性能不稳定和试验误差,使试验结果较为分散单用试验手段很难获得全面的、系统的和有良好规律的结果,需要有理论配合微观力学研究改进复合材料宏观特性减少试验工作量反向推算复合材料中纤维和基体的平均特性,引 言,简单层板的性能实验确定由组分材料的性能用数学方法求得微观力学方法来预测材料力学方法:对力学系统假设性能进行大量简化弹性力学方法
4、:极值原理/精确解/近似解从设计的观点来看微观力学是宏观力学的助手局限性纤维和基体之间理想的粘接假设需要详细的实验验证,引 言,目的用组分材料的弹性模量来确定复合材料的弹性模量用组份材料的强度研究复合材料的强度体积份数纤维(fibres):Vf=纤维体积/复合材料总体积基体(matrix):Vm=基体体积/复合材料总体积,引 言,The void fraction,引 言,Silver Copper Alloy reinforced with Carbon Fibers.,In Borsic fiber-reinforced aluminum,the fibers are composed o
5、f a thick layer of boron deposited on a small diameter tungsten filament.,引 言,Typical compositecross-section micrograph,The distribution of fibres is unhomogeneous.In order to build micromechanical models,simplifying assumptions are made on the packing of fibres.The most simple packing is the square
6、 packing as shown,引 言,It is fairly straightforward to find an expression between the fibre volume fraction vf of such a square packing,the fibre diameter d,and the distance between fibre s:,引 言,The fibre volume fraction,Triangular packing of fibres,引 言,Maximum packing is obtained in both packing mod
7、els for d=s.It gives in the case of square packing vf-max=0.79,and for the triangular packing 0.91,引 言,引 言,In the practice,fibre volume fraction for composite based on unidirectional layers can be found in the range 0.5 to 0.8An other remark concerns the void contentTypical autoclave(pressure+vacuum
8、)cured composite products have voids content varying from 0.1 to 1%Pressure bag(no vacuum)cured composites can have voids content in the order of 5%,Mechanics of material approach,A block of composite containing fibre and matrix is simplified to block containing two volumes.These two volumes are con
9、nected together and represent the matrix(m)and the fibre(f)with their respective properties and volume fractionsAn elasticity modulus is then obtained by performing a simple experiment,where the two representative volumes are subjected to an average stress.Poisson effect are neglected,Mechanics of m
10、aterial approach,Basic experiment for the transverse modulus(Reuss model),Basic experiment for the longitudinal modulus(Voigts model),引 言,简单层板假设宏观均匀线弹性宏观地正交各向异性无初应力纤维假设均匀性线弹性各向同性规则地排列完全成一直线,基体假设均匀性线弹性各向同性界面假设理想粘结,穿过界面无应变间断粘结不理想,其性能低于由微观分析得到的结果,粘结理论,界面的粘结由纤维和基体之间粘着力引起的吸附和浸润相互扩散静电吸引化学键结合机械粘着界面对宏观弹性常数的
11、影响远不如对强度影响,对E1和12的影响,也不如对E2和G12的影响大,Reinforcement Matrix Interface,Strong interfacehigh strength、stiffness,low resistance to fractureWeak interfacelow strength、stiffness,high resistance to fractureWettability the extent to which a liquid will spread over a solid surface,Reinforcement Matrix Interfac
12、e,By 1st law of thermodynamics:Work done=increment in free energyFdx=dAWhere=free energy per unit area of liquid gas interface,force per unit length=surface tension,Reinforcement Matrix Interface,The necessary condition for spreading of the liquid,Design spreading coefficient,SC 0 wetting occursSC 0
13、 no wetting is possible,Fdx=dA,Example,liquid:Epoxy:LG=40mJ/m2Solids:Alumina:SG=1100 mJ/m2polyethylene:SG=30 mJ/m2epoxy aluminaSC=1100(SL+40)=1060 SLwetting is possibleepoxy polyethyleneSC=30(SL+40)=(SL+10)0No wetting is possible!,Reinforcement Matrix Interface,By force equilibrium(at the stop liqui
14、d front on solid),Contact angle,Interfacial Bonding,mechanical bondingsurface roughness interlocking or keyingnormal compression force thermal contraction,热收缩,Interfacial Bonding,Electrostatic bondingcoulombic force short range of interaction,Interfacial Bonding,Chemical bondingsecondary bonding(次价键
15、),硅烷(类);氢化硅;硅氢化物,Interfacial Bonding,Reaction or inter diffusion bondingPolymers intertwining of molecules(分子链缠绕)Ceramics interphaseMetals(intermetallic compounds),PMC,CMC/MMC,微观力学方法的基础代表性体积单元,代表性体积单元:材料的最小范围或小块,分布于其上的应力和应变是宏观上均匀的,能够完全表征材料的所有特征从微观的角度上,由于材料的不均匀性,应力和应变是不均匀的,体积尺度是很重要的一般来说,在一个代表性体积单元中只有
16、一个纤维,但也可能需要多于一根纤维(复合定义的内涵)单向复合材料简单层板中,纤维的间距是代表性体积单元的一维,另外两维的一维是简单层板的厚度,或当厚度大于一层纤维厚度是纤维在后读方向的间距,第三维是任意的,微观力学方法的基础体积单元,Continuous-Aligned-Random FibresLongitudinal and Transverse Loading,Continuous&Aligned,Discontinuous(short)&Aligned,Discontinuous&Random,Relative strength,stiffness.,刚度的材料力学分析方法,基本假设在
17、单向纤维复合材料中,纤维和基体在纤维方向上的应变是一致的,垂直于1轴的截面在承载前是平面,在承载后仍然是平面材料力学方法中最基本的假设之一,在板、壳、梁理论分析中经常用到,刚度的材料力学分析方法,表观弹性模量E1的确定:,纤维方向表观弹性模量混合率表达式(与试验的吻合程度8090%),并联模型,(iso-strain),Example,Calculate the composite modulus for polyester reinforced with 60 vol%E-glass under iso-strain conditions.Epolyester=6.9 x 103 MPaEE
18、-glass=72.4 x 10 3 MPa,Ec=(0.4)(6.9x103 MPa)+(0.6)(72.4x103 MPa)=46.2 x 103 MPa,刚度的材料力学分析方法,串联模型,与试验值相比,较小,由于纤维随机排列,兼有串联和并联的成分,(iso-stress),表观弹性模量E2的确定:,刚度的材料力学分析方法,无量纲化,Vf=1,预测的模量为纤维模量即使Ef=10Em,要提高横向模量到基体模量的两倍,需要50%以上的纤维体积含量(理想粘接),刚度的材料力学分析方法,假设的不完善性:在纤维和基体界面上的横向应变是不一致的与实验不符垂直于纤维和基体边界上的位移完全一致将形成精确解
19、-弹性力学解法纤维和基体的泊松比不同,在纤维和基体中出现了纵向应力以及在纤维和基体界面出现了剪应力,刚度的材料力学分析方法,E1混合率表达式,表观泊松比12的确定:,刚度的材料力学分析方法,表观剪切模量G的确定:,假设纤维和基体中的剪应力相等,E2,The inverse rule of mixture,This relation is often called the inverse rule of mixture.Note again that the fibre transverse modulus should be used.This equation is generally kn
20、own as being inadequate for predicting the transverse modulusThis is due to the fact the assumption made on the equality of the stress in the matrix and the fibre in the volume-in-series model is not valid in a real compositeThis can be shown on basis of strain energy approach,The inverse rule of mi
21、xture,A second reason for the inaccuracy of models for the transverse modulus composite based on orthotropic fibre(carbon and aramid)is that the fibre transverse modulus is difficult to measure(and has actually never directly been measured)Quoted values for the transverse modulus of fibres are actua
22、lly derived from the comparison between micromechanical model results and experiments.The same actually applies for the shear modulus of these orthotropic fibres,The inverse rule of mixture,The Reuss model can be improved by simply adding a matrix volume in parallel to the series model This geometri
23、cal model is an approximation of a square fibre packing,Parallel-series model forthe transverse modulus,(Reuss model),Semi-empirical models,The Tsai-Hahn equations use similar assumptions as the inverse rule of mixture,but adds a stress partitioning factor in order to take into account the mismatch
24、in stress in the fibre and in the matrix.The Tsai-Hahn equation for the transverse modulus is:,This equation gives for=1 the inverse rule of mixture.A similar equation can be written for the shear modulus,Semi-empirical models,Other widely used equations are the Halpin-Tsai equations,which for the t
25、ransverse modulus are:,Example,Carbon reinforced polyetherimide(PEI,聚醚)基体质量分数mm=41.4%,纤维体积分数Vf=51%面内性能测试和预报,Example,混合律获得纵向弹性模量E1=109GPa,Example,Example,考虑材料处于二向应力状态时E2的确定,简化假设沿纤维方向,纤维与基体的变形相等纤维与基体承受着同一横向应力利用两向应力状态下的应力应变关系(胡克定律),忽略纤维和基体界面上的剪应力,得出,考虑材料处于二向应力状态时E2的确定,对某些复合材料有,对E2修正不明显,考虑材料处于二向应力状态时E2的
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