材料成形原理-焊接.ppt
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1、西北工业大学 材料学院,熊江涛,材料成形原理-焊接原理,材料成形原理-焊接原理 1,第一部分 焊接原理概述,参考文献崔忠圻。金属学与热处理(铸造、焊接专业用)。机械工业出版社1989年11月(预备知识)。邹家生。材料连接原理与工艺。哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2005年2月(重点参考)Robert W,Messler Jr.Joining of Materials and Structures-Joining of Materials and Structures.Elsevier ButterworthHeinemann 200 Wheeler Road,Burlington,MA 01803,U
2、SA.Linacre House,Jordan Hill,Oxford OX2 8DP,UK冯端,等。金属物理学(第一至第四卷)。科学出版设,1987年11月(拓展提高),材料成形原理-焊接原理 2,第一章 序论,1.1 连接与人类历史,自石器时代至今天连接始终是人类制造业中最为重要的工艺过程之一,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)3,在通常意义上,连接是指将零、部件组合成一个(连续)整体的工艺过程,其所获得的整体具备各被连接零、部件没有的功能或复合功能。连接所关心的核心问题是那些具备固有微观结构与宏观性能的被连接材料在连接过程中的演变,以及所构建连接结构的组织与力学特征。,材料成形原理-焊接原理
3、(序论)4,1.2 连接的定义、目的及基本分类,1.2.1 连接的定义,Figure 1.1 Welding,using a variety of fusion welding,predominantly consumable electrode processes,is used almost exclusively in ship construction.Roll product(e.g.,plate and beams),forgings,and castings are all welded to provide structural integrity,structural eff
4、iciency,and leak tightness.In most shipyards parts are joined to create large pre-fabricated modules,which are then joined to produce the ship,here the aircraft carrier Reagan.,大型结构,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)5,Figure 1.2 Modern manufacturing often benefits when labor-intensive,quality-critical assembly is auto
5、mated,as exemplified in the automobile industry by robotic welding.(Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler AG,Stuttgart,Germany,with permission.),中型结构,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)6,Figure 1.3 Welding is also used for microjoining for a variety of applications and industries.Here,very thin kovar sheets are spot-fillet welde
6、d by laser-beam welding to produce the minute lap joints shown.(Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories,Albuquerque,NM,with permission.),微小结构,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)7,Figure 1.4 Typical large welded structures at a petrochemical plant.Note the bolted thick-section pipes,valves,and fittings at the left and
7、right of the welded towers,as shown in a close-up in Figure 2.3.(Courtesy of Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC,Findlay,OH,with permission.),金属材料,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)8,Figure 1.5 Typical use of manual iron soldering in industry.(Courtesy of the IBM Corporation,Poughkeepsie,NY,with permission.),Figure 1.6 An
8、example of a friction-welded ceramic assembly.(Courtesy of the Edison Welding Institute,Columbus,OH,with permission.),陶瓷+金属,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)9,Figure 1.7 The use of thermal bonding,as well as adhesive bonding,is commonplace in the assembly of thermoplastic monolithic and reinforced composites used in
9、military aircraft.(Courtesy of Northrop Grumman Corporation,with permission.),复合材料,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)10,Figure 1.8 In an analog to welding,a laser beam can be used to reattach a detached retina,with the heat of the laser causing joining by coagulating protein.(Courtesy of Julia A.Haller,M.D.,The Johns
10、Hopkins Hospital,Baltimore,MD,with permission.),生物材料,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)11,Figure 1.9 Huge offshore drilling platforms,serving as self-sufficient cities at sea,use welding extensively in their land-based construction,on-site erection,and above and below water repair.(Courtesy of Materials&Welding Techno
11、logy,Houston,TX,with permission.)VA,with permission.),Figure 1.10 Underwater arc welding is necessary for both construction and repair.Here,a diver is shown arc-repair welding an obviously overgrown steel structure.(Courtesy of Daves Diving&Offshore,in memory of Chris Mourtinson,Morgan City,LA,with
12、permissionof David Gilbert.),海,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)12,Figure 1.11 Welding is used to construct overland pipelines in all kinds of climates,including frozen tundra or scorching deserts,as shown here.(Courtesy of Bechtel Corporation,San Francisco,CA,with permission.),陆,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)13,Figure 1.12 As huma
13、ns venture farther and stay longer in outer space,joining by specially adapted conventional processes as well as yet-to-be-developed processes will be a necessity.Here,an astronaut assembles new parts onto a portion of the InternationalOrbiting Space Station.(Courtesy of the National Aeronautics and
14、 Space Administration,Washington,DC,with permission.),天,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)14,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)15,1.2.2 连接的目的,(1)功能:获得单一工艺方法(例铸造、锻压、粉末冶金、机加)无法获得的大尺寸或复杂结构构件;制备具有多功能耦合的多种材料复合体。,(2)可制造性:利用已有构件和材料达到整体结构构造的有效性;获得单一工艺方法无法获得的大尺寸或复杂结构构件将适合的材料用于适合的位置,优化选择;充分利用材料,尽量减少材料的消耗。,(3)成本,(4)美学,重要性,1.2.3 连接的基本分类,连接(Joining)
15、,机械连接(Mechanical Fasteners,Riveting),粘接(Adhesive Bonding and Cementing),焊接(Welding,Braze,solder and diffusion bonding),机械力(弹、塑性畸变)强度低、非密封,范德华力、氢键强度低、密封,金属键,共价键,离子键强度高、密封,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)16,1.3 材料焊接成型的物理本质,1.3.1 焊接基本方法,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)17,焊接方法分类,熔焊,压焊,钎焊,电弧焊,气焊,铝热焊,电渣焊,电子束焊,激光焊,电阻点(缝)焊,熔化极,手工电弧焊,氩弧焊(MIG
16、),埋弧焊(SAW),CO2焊,螺柱焊,非熔化极,钨极氩弧焊(TIG),等离子弧焊(PAW),原子氢焊,摩擦焊,扩散焊,爆炸焊,超声波焊,冷压焊,电阻焊、闪光对焊,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)18,Figure 1.13 气体保护钨极电弧焊(Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding;GTAW)。示意图(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.9,page 202,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)19,Fi
17、gure 1.14 气体保护熔化极电弧焊(gas-metal arc welding;GMAW)示意图。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.16,page 208,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)20,Figure 1.15 手工电弧焊(shielded metal arc welding;SMAW)示意图。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Rober
18、t W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.18,page 211,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)21,Figure 1.16 药芯焊丝电弧焊(flux-cored arc welding;FCAW)示意图。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.19,page 213,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)22,Figure 1.17 埋
19、弧焊(submerged arc welding;SAW)示意图。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.20,page 213,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)23,Figure 1.18 电渣焊(electroslag welding;ESW)示意图。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Figs.6.21 and
20、 6.22,page 215,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)24,Figure 1.19 电阻点焊(resistance spot welding;RSW)示意图。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.24,page 218,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)25,Figure 1.20(a)爆炸焊示意图(explosion weld
21、ing;EXW);(b)爆炸焊典型形貌。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.28,page 224,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)26,Figure 1.21(a)摩擦焊(friction welding;FRW)示意图;(b)典型摩擦焊接头。(Reprinted from Joining of Advanced Materials,Robert W.Messler,Jr.,Fig.6.29,page 22
22、5,Butterworth-Heinemann,Stoneham,MA,1993),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)27,1.3 材料焊接成型的物理本质,1.3.2 焊接的定义,两种或两种以上的材料,在添加或不添加填充材料的条件下,通过加热、加压,或二者并用的外场形式,并借助物质迁移过程,消除接触表面、形成永久性、致密、高强接头的物理化学过程。,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)28,1.3.3 不同焊接方法所需外场(温度、压力),图1-22 不同焊接方法作用温度、压力及过程持续时间的对比,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)29,1.3.4 焊接的物理本质,图1-24 固-固硬球结构模型,材料成形原理-
23、焊接原理(序论)30,则两原子间的相吸力为,图1-2 原子间作用力与距离关系1斥力;2引力;3合力,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)31,莱纳德-琼斯势,Lennard-Jones,按求极限法则可得到与最大净作用力对应的原子间距为,标准的莱纳德-琼斯势,m=6,n=12,An、Am的数据可以根据点阵参数和升华能的数据导出,作用本质,加热,形成L/L、L/S界面,对接触接头进行局部,借助熔化、液相融合过程消除L/L界面;借助凝固过程消除L/S界面,加热/加压,形成S/S界面,借助热激活、畸变能激活,促进S/S接触界面的塑性变形、原子互扩散与成键消除S/S界面,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)32,形
24、成体积意义上的具有力学不均匀的焊接接头,图1-25 焊接接头示意图:1.焊缝;2.熔合区;3.热影响区;4.未变化的母材,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)33,图1-26 钎焊接头示意图:1扩散区;2界面区;3钎缝中心区,-TiAl钎焊接头微观结构及成份分布(Ti5 wt.%Cu15 wt.%Ni钎料),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)34,局部加热的超高温度场,组织的不均匀性,力学性能不均匀性,残余热应力分布,连接材料的氧化倾向,特有缺陷的产生,材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)35,以熔焊为代表,整体加热的高温度场,接头组织的特殊性,以钎焊、扩散(也有局部加热的情况)焊为代表,残余热应力分布,连接
25、材料的氧化倾向,特有缺陷的产生,1.3.5 不同焊接方法所涉及的基本原理,1.3.6 课程安排,熔焊的基本原理(14课时)钎焊的基本原理(3课时)扩散焊的基本原理(3课时),材料成形原理-焊接原理(序论)36,第二部分 熔焊基本原理,材料成形原理-焊接原理(熔焊基本原理)37,焊接热过程事实上成为材料焊接成型的原理基础,2 熔焊热过程及其数值模拟,2.1 焊接传热的基本规律,图2-1 熔化焊过程示意图,2.1.1 焊接热循环,材料成形原理-焊接原理(熔焊基本原理-热过程)38,图2-2 低合金钢堆焊接头的焊接热循环,材料成形原理-焊接原理(熔焊基本原理-热过程)39,2.1.2 焊接热模拟,焊
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