消化道出血.ppt
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1、上 消 化 道 大 量 出 血upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage,本 讲 内 容,概念病因临床表现诊断思路治疗思路预后评估,概 念,上消化道大出血在短时间内出血量超过1000ml或者循环血容量的 20%,常伴有急性周围循环衰竭。,上消化道出血Treitz韧带以上的消化道出血,包括食管、胃、十二指肠、胰胆疾病引起的出血,也包括胃肠吻合术后近端空肠出血。,流行病学概况,the United Kingdom Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage accounts for about 2500hospital admissi
2、ons each year.The annual incidence varies from 47to 116per 100000 of the population.Although hospital mortality has not improved over 50years and remains at about 10%,older patients who have advanced cardiovascular,respiratory,or cerebrovascular disease that puts them at increased risk of death now
3、comprise a much higher proportion of cases.the United States Gastrointestinal bleeding results in over 300,000 hospitalizations annually.Bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract is approximately five times more common than from the lower gastrointestinal tract.It is more common in men and elde
4、rly people,本 讲 内 容,概念病因临床表现诊断思路治疗思路预后评估,上消化道出血的病因,消化系统疾病上胃肠道食管:炎症、溃疡、肿瘤、损伤胃-十二指肠:炎症、溃疡、肿瘤、胃粘膜病变、异常血管、钩虫,等。门脉高压食管-胃底静脉曲张破裂门脉高压性胃病肝性溃疡邻近病变纵隔:肿瘤、脓肿胰腺-胆道:结石、炎症、肿瘤动脉瘤,全身性疾病血管性疾病:过敏性紫癜、遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张、动脉粥样硬化,等血液病:血友病、血小板减少、白血病、DIC,等。尿毒症结绨组织病(血管炎):SLE、结节性多动脉炎,等急性感染:出血热、钩体病,常见原因:消化性溃疡、静脉曲张、急性胃粘膜病变、胃癌,常见病因1:消化性
5、溃疡,是上消化道出血最常见的原因10%25%以出血为首发表现疼痛-出血-疼痛缓解出血量与侵蚀血管大小有关,常见病因2:急性胃粘膜病变,应激、理化因素 烧伤,创伤,外科手术,休克,脑出血,酒精渗血常见,20%较大量出血,常见病因3:门脉高压相关的出血,食管-胃底静脉曲张门脉高压性胃病,常见病因4:肿瘤,是常见原因,恶性肿瘤比例高表现急性出血慢性失血基础上急性出血,常见病因5:药物相关性胃肠病,Large GU,which healed in 14Wk after stopping aspirin use,Deep GU unhealed for 5 years with continued as
6、pirin abuse,Large DU,which healed after stopping aspirin,NSAIDs、激素等炎症、溃疡,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-Associated Gastropathy,花生四烯酸,环氧化酶,X,前列腺素,维护肾及血小板功能,炎症、疼痛,抗炎镇痛胃肠道损害肾毒性,Cox1Cox2,Hp与NSAIDs协同作用,少见病因1:Mallory-Weiss Syndrome(胃底贲门粘膜撕裂综合征),先呕吐(如:妊娠反应),后出血可以大量出血需急诊胃镜检查,少见病因2:血管异常,毛细血管扩张,少见病因3:异
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