新编商务英语精读第4册unit8.ppt

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1、Unit-1,Teaching Aim,Reading I,Reading II,Extended Activities,Production,Teaching Aim,Teaching Aim,Unit 8 Production,1 Cognitive Information（认知信息）：Production；Process and Methods of Production2 Language Focus（内容重点）,Key Words：accompany,gear,assembly,flexible,repetitive,economical,incur,recoup,variation

2、,outmaneuver,agile,dissimilar,churn,customize,accuracy,tolerance,payoff,competence,simplicity;synthesis,extraction,fabrication,raw,petroleum,refine,gasoline,kerosene,fuel,lime,soda,cement,nitrogen,oxygen,weave,knit,intermittent,coordination,halt,standardization,Teaching Aim,Teaching Aim,Unit 8 Produ

3、ction,Phrases：gear sth totoward,at arate,fall into,on ascale,churn sth out;job lots Word Study：decline,benefit,expense,adapt,dismantle Useful Structures：instead of doing to say it another way,Grammar：Direct and Indirect Speech（2）Commands,Requests and Exclamations,Teaching Aim,Teaching Aim,Unit 8 Pro

4、duction,3 Communicative Skills（交际技能）Expressions：Describing Products Reading：Production Activities Basic Writing：Memos,Background Information,Reading I,Reading I,Unit 8 Production,Pre-reading,Text,New Words and Expressions,Exercises,Post-reading,Pre-reading,Pre-reading,Unit 8 Production,Pre-reading I

5、,Pre-reading II,Brainstorming:Work with your partner and write out words or expressions often used in production，products and people in production,Pre-reading-I,Pre-reading I,Unit 8 Production,Pre-reading-II,Pre-reading II,Unit 8 Production,Pair-work:Discuss the following questions with your partner

6、,1 Could you tell which of the following businesses are engaged in industrial production?NOT engaged in industrial production?,Pre-reading-II,Pre-reading II,Unit 8 Production,Pair-work:Discuss the following questions with your partner,2 What activities do you think the production process may involve

7、?3 What is the impact of modern computer technology on industrial production?4 What do you think a production managers routine work may involve?5 What knowledge should a production manager have to be competent for his or her job?,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 Production,New Process Designs,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 P

8、roduction,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 Production,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 Production,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 Production,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 Production,6.Although a growing number of US factories are taking advantage of flexible manufacturing，such systems do have limitations The products made by an FMS system requires si

9、milarly sized machines，accuracy，power，tolerance，and，often，standardized parts Also，developing a flexible system requires a long period of planning and development before any pay off is realized，so managers seeking short-term profits might be tempted to avoid the investment required by flexible manufa

10、cturing systems,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 Production,Text-1,Text,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,1.Production versus manufacturing In microeconomics,production is the act of making things,in particular the act of making products that will be traded or sold commercially Produ

11、ction decisions concentrate on what goods to produce,how to produce them,the costs of producing them,and optimizing the mix of resource inputs used in their production This production information can then be combined with market information（like demand and marginal revenue）to determine the quantity

12、of products to produce and the optimum pricing Production is an economic process that uses resources to create a commodity that is suitable for exchange This can include manufacturing,storing,shipping,and packaging Some economists define production broadly as all economic activity other than consump

13、tion They see every commercial activity other than the final purchase as some form of production,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,Manufacturing is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale This

14、effort includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a products components The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and Industrial Design Among the most important manufacturing industries are those that produce aircraft,automobiles,chemicals

15、,clothing,computers,consumer electronics,electrical equipment,furniture,heavy machinery,refined petroleum products,ships,steel,and tools,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,2.Production processProduction is a process,and as such it occurs through time and space Because it

16、 is a flow concept,production is measured as a“rate of output per period of time”There are three aspects to production processes：the quantity of the commodity produced the form of the commodity produced the temporal and spatial distribution of the commodity producedAnd a production process can be de

17、fined as any activity that increases the similarity between the pattern of demand for goods,and the quantity,form,and distribution of these goods available to the market place The inputs or resources used ithe production process are called factors by economists The myriad of possible inputs are usua

18、lly grouped into four categories These factors are：,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,Land or natural resource naturally-occurring goods such as soil and minerals that are used in the creation of products The payment for land is rent Labor human effort used in productio

19、n which also includes technical and marketing expertise The payment for labor（workforce）is a wage or a salary Capital goods human-made goods（or means of production）which are used in the production of other goods These include machinery,tools and buildings In a general sense,the payment for capital m

20、ay take the form of interest or dividends Enterprise enterprise relates to individuals known as entrepreneurs who combine and organize the production factors of land,labor and capital to make goods and services These individuals take on such business ventures and their associated risk to earn profit

21、s,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,3.Mass production Mass production（also called flow production,repetitive flow production,or series production）is the production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines It was popularized by Henry Ford in the earl

22、y 20th Century,notably in his Ford Model T Mass production typically uses moving tracks or conveyor belts to move partially complete products to workers,who perform simple repetitive tasks to permit very high rates of production per worker,allowing the high-volume manufacture of inexpensive finished

23、 goods Mass production is capital intensive,as it uses a high proportion of machinery in relation to workers With fewer labor costs and a faster rate of production,capital is increased while expenditure is decreased,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,However the machiner

24、y that is needed to set up a mass production line is so expensive that there must be some assurance that the product is to be successful so the company can get a return on its investment Machinery for mass production such as robots and machine presses has high installation costs as well Thus,mass pr

25、oduction is ideally suited to serve large,relatively homogenous populations of consumers,whose demand would satisfy the long production runs required by this method of manufacturing,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,The economies of mass production come from several sou

26、rces The primary cause is a reduction of nonproductive effort of all types In mass production,each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near identical operations on a stream of products The exact tool and parts are always at hand,having been moved

27、down the assembly line consecutively The worker spends little or no time retrieving andor preparing materials and tools,and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,

28、The probability of human error and variation is also reduced,as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery A reduction in labor costs,as well as an increased rate of production,enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower cost than using traditional,non-linear metho

29、ds However,mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a design or production process after a production line is implemented Also,all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar,and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy However

30、,some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,4.Production management Production management refers to the planning,implementation,and control of industrial pr

31、oduction processes to ensure smooth and efficient operation Production management techniques are used in both manufacturing and service industries Production management responsibilities include the traditional“five Ms”：men and women,machines,methods,materials,and money Managers are expected to maint

32、ain an efficient production process with a workforce that can readily adapt to new equipment and schedules They may use industrial engineering methods,such as time-and-motion studies,to design efficient work methods,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,They are responsible

33、 for managing both physical（raw）materials and information materials（paperwork or electronic documentation）Of their duties involving money,inventory control is the most important This involves tracking all component parts,work in process,finished goods,packaging materials,and general supplies The pro

34、duction cycle requires that sales,financial,engineering,and planning departments exchange information such as sales forecasts,inventory levels,and budgets until detailed production orders are dispatched by a production-control division Managers must also monitor operations to ensure that planned out

35、put levels,cost levels,and quality objectives are met,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,5.ProductivityProductivity,in a business or industrial context,is the ratio of output production to input effort The productivity ratio is an indicator of the efficiency with which a

36、n enterprise converts its resources（inputs）into finished goods or services（outputs）If the goal is to increase productivity,this can be done by producing more output with the same level of input or by producing the same output with fewer inputs Many factors affect productivity Some general categories

37、 for these factors are product,process,labor force,capacity,external influences,and quality There are many different plans that companies develop in an attempt to improve productivity Wage incentive plans and changes in management structure are two ways that companies focus on the labor force Invest

38、ment in,Unit 8 Production,Background Information,Background Information,research and development allows companies to develop new products and processes that are more productive Quality improvement programs can reduce waste and provide more competitive products at a lower cost,Unit 8 Production,New W

39、ords and Expressions,New Words and Expressions,Unit 8 Production,New Words and Expressions,Notes,New words and Expressions,Unit 8 Production,1 accompanyv to be present or occur with something else 与某事物同时存在或发生 2 gear v to design or organize something so as to make it suitable for a particular purpose

40、 使适合适应 n.a toothed machine part，such as a wheel or cylinder，used to transmit motion or to change speed or direction 齿轮；排档3 assembly n act or process of fitting together the parts of something装配；安装 4 flexible a easily changed to suit new conditions 灵活的；可变通的 5 repetitive a（usu derog）characterized by h

41、appening in the same way many times 重复的；反复的6 economical a not wasteful 经济的；节约的,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 8 Production,7 incurv to cause something（usu unpleasant）to happen to oneself because of ones own actions；to bring upon oneself 蒙受；招致 8 recoup v to get back（what one

42、 has spent，lost，etc）；to give sboneself back（what has been spent，lost，etc）获得（补偿）；付给某人自己的（补偿）9 dismantle v to take apart；terminate 拆开；拆除 10 adapt v to become adjusted to 适应11 refit v to repair or renew the parts of 修理或更换零部件12 variation n a member of a set which is different in some way from what is mo

43、st common 变化；变动13 outmaneuver v to do better by acting more skillfully and cleverly 比技高一筹14 agile a able to move quickly and easily；active 敏捷的15 decline v to go down in quality or amount 变小；变少,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 8 Production,16 dissimilar a not the same；unlike 不

44、相同的；不相似的17 churn v to move about violently 剧烈搅动18 customize v to make or alter according to the buyers or owners wishes（按顾主或物主的意思）定制或改制19 computerizationn use of computers to do the work of or for something 计算机化20 transmission n connected set of parts by which power is passed from the engine to the

45、axle in a motor vehicle 变速器；（机动车）的传动装置21 accuracy n exactness 精确；准确22 tolerance n amount by which the size，weight，etc of a part can vary without causing problems 容许偏差；公差,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 8 Production,23 payoff n（inf）a result that rewards you for your effort or

46、 work 利润；奖赏24 de-emphasize v to make less important；to play down the importance of 使不重要；降低的重要性25 competence n ability 能力,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 8 Production,1 gear sth totoward to design something to achieve a particular purpose 使适合某种需要2 be associated with to be con

47、nected with 与相关3 at a rate at a speed（amount，ratio，etc）以速度（数量、比率等）4 fall into to be able to be divided into 可分为5 benefit from to gain advantage or benefit from 得益于6 on a scale to aan extent 以规模7 adapt to to become adjusted to（new conditions，etc）适应（新环境等）8 churn sth out to produce sth（usu of bad quali

48、ty）in large amounts 大量生产某物（通常粗制滥造）9 respond to to act in answer to or because of the action of another 反应；回应,New Words and Expressions,Notes,Notes,Unit 8 Production,1 Mass-production methods have traditionally been geared toward large factories with several assembly lines,.:Mass-production methods h

49、ave traditionally been adopted to meet the needs of large factories with several assembly linesassembly line:a production system in a factory where each worker only makes one part of a product The product passes from one worker to another along a slow moving conveyer belt until it is finished.（装配线）,

50、Notes,Notes,Unit 8 Production,2 flexible manufacturing:use of computer-controlled machines that allows manufacturers to produce new models of a product easily and quickly or to shift to more profitable new fields；also called soft manufacturing or FMS 3 focused factory:manufacturing facility that dea