谢孟媛英文初级文法(全)笔记初级文法谢孟媛谢孟媛英文初级文法.doc
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1、Lesson 1 unit 1 名词1.名词的功用。当主语,补语,受词1. 名词的种类 单数/复数例如: I like dogs。 我喜欢狗。普通名词 book pencil. Dog. Spaceship宇宙飞船、集合名词 class, family, audience 听众。例如 1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。2.My family are all early risers 起早的人。 我家人都起的很早. 专用名词。- Bob, Smith, April, London.-专用名词前不能加冠词 不加S下面的专用名词需要加上定冠词。例如 The united
2、 states . 美国 The united Nations .联合国。物质名词。-glass wood paper butter fruit 数字 容器(度量衡) of 物质名词例如 a loaf of bread 一片面包。 Loaves of bread 很多面包 A cup of coffee. 一杯咖啡。 A sheet of paper. 一张纸。 Two sheet of paper. L两张纸 A spoonful of sugar 一勺糖。抽象名词。-beauty美丽 honesty诚实 love爱 patience 耐心happiness 幸福 music 音乐。2. 名
3、词的数-个数1单数/ 个数2 以上是复数例如: dog-dogs book -books girl - girls 名词字尾为 S . sh. Oh .x. o- es 如: classes buses dishes benches boxes注意名词字尾为字音 O 复数名词es 如: tomatoes 但是也有例外的 如: photo- photos Piano-pianos 名词字尾为y 的复数名词要去y ies 如 baby-babies story-stories city-cities lady-ladies 名词字尾为f 或fe 去 f/fe ves如 leaf叶- leaves
4、knifeknives wife- wives 也有例外。 Handkerchiefs 手帕。Chiefs 酋长 Roofs 屋顶不规则变化的复数名名词字尾 加 en , 或 ren 如 Ox -oxen , child- children改变母音 如 man-men / woman - women / goose-geese/ tooth/teeth/mouse /mice 单复数同行 如 fish , deer sheep chineses japanese One fish / two fish A kind of fish 一种鱼 two kind of fishs 俩种鱼2. 名词的
5、所有格1. 形成 单数名词-名词s 例如 The boys schoolbag/ Joans dress复数名词-名词s 例如 a girls school/ these students teacher字尾非s 的复数名词-名词s 例如 childrens playground操场特别注意的所有格用法共同所有格及个别所有格共同所有格- 名词 名词 名词s个别所以-名词s 名词s 名词s 例句 1 Harry and Bills father is a scientist harry 和bill 的爸爸是个科学家。 2.Harrys and Bills fathers are scientis
6、ts harry 的爸爸和bill 的爸爸是科学家.(无)生物 所有格 A 的 B = B of A 如桌子的脚 the legs of the table 车门 the door of the car 女孩子的名字 the girls name有生命的东西可以这样用 / the name of the girl所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略。例如1. shes going to the dentists 她要去看牙医。2 I met him at the barbers(shop)我在理发店遇见他。 Shop 省略3. We like to wat lunch at McDo
7、nalds 我们在麦当老吃午餐。3.冠词 冠词可分为不定冠词a / am 及 定冠词 the 它通常放在名词前用来修饰名词。a/ an 的用法 子音开头的单数 用 a 母音开头的单数用 an 母音有5个 I 如 a book a girl a young a man An apple an umbrella an old womana/ an 的发音 I read a novel, 我读一本小说I read a novel。 not twothe 的用法-母音前读 (低) 子音前的读 (则)例如 please shut the door .请把那门关上 (特指一定要加the ) The ric
8、h arent always happy. 有钱并不是幸福。 Lesson 2 be动词,一般动词的现在时1. be 动词的现在时am are is / 是。在。的意思例如1 . we are happy. 2. she is in America.主词 be 动词第一人称 I am a boy. 第二人称 you they 复数名词are You are my sons .你们是我的儿子。第三人称的单数加 Is 。 He is my students Be 动词的否定, am/ are / is notHe is not a good baseball player. He isnt goo
9、d baseball player Be动词的疑问句肯定句:主词 am/ are /is .疑问句: am / are / is 主词。that is his camera-Is that his camera?The girl is a junior high school student 这个女孩是中学生。 Senior high school. 高中生、Is the girl a junior high school student?Be 动词开头的疑问句可用yes 或 no 回答Is that man your math teacher 。 那个男人是你的说学老师吗? Yes. He
10、is / no he isnt Are you eating your lunch ? 你吃中午饭了吗?yes, I am / no, I;am not主词 一般动词-现在时中主词为第三人称单数一般动词S 或例如。 I like dogs / we like dogs You like dogs / you like gods He likes dogs 第三人称单数S 一般动词加S或ES的方法1. 大部分动词加S请发音为 如 works plays A. 一般动词字尾为 o .s .sh. ch. 时加 es-如 goes washes watches B. 一般动词字尾音为 y 时 去 y
11、 加 ies -如 cry-cries study-studies Have 和has -have (有 吃)的 单数动词为 has 例如 1. They have a lot of money . 他们有很多钱。 2. He hasa lot of money 他有和多钱.。第三人称单数用has一般动词的否定句-不可在一般动词后加 not 必须用助动词 do / does Do 用于主词 为 I . you 复数Does 用于主词 为第三人称单数,否定句主词 do/ does not 原型动词例如1. The twin brothers go to school by bus.这对双胞胎是乘
12、公交车上学的。改成否定 the twin brothers do not go to school by bus2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant . Sam 在那家餐厅吃晚餐。改成否定句 Sam doesnt have dinner at the restaurant.比较-否定句 Be 动词 He is my boyfriend -He isnt my boyfriend一般动词- He likes dogs -He doesnt like dogs一般动词的疑问句-不能将一般动词放在主词前,必须用助动词do/ does 疑问句 Do / Does 主词
13、 动词原型。例如1. You visit your grandmother on Sunday.改成疑问句Do you visit your grandmother on Sunday? 你每逢星期天去看你的外婆吗例如2. He come from England 改成疑问句 Does he come from england 他是来自英国吗?助动词do/ does 开头的疑问句回答用yes/no之后用do/ does 回答例如 Does the little boy go to school. 这个小男孩已经上学了吗?Yes he does . No, he doesnt 比较-疑问句Be
14、动词- She is beautiful Is she beautiful?一般动词-she loves tennis Does she love tennis?Lesson 3 1.be 动词1.be 动词一般动词的过去式 be 动词的过去式 was / were am/ is was are /were 2过去时be 动词的动词表示过去时间中发生的状态例如 1. 现在式 He is busy now. 2. 过去式 He was busy then 那时他很忙。3时间副词改变,动词也必须改变。例如 1.现在式 My parents are at home now。我的父母现在在家。 2.过
15、去式My parents were at home yesterday.我的父母昨天在家4.Be动词(过去式)的否定句-主词 was / were not 例如 1. Mr brown was a vet 否定 Mr brown wasnt a vet . 2.Joe and brain were in the living room at that time. 否定 Joe and brain werent in the living room at that time ,5.Be动词过去式的疑问句 was / were 主词例如 1. Wendy was in the seventh gr
16、ade last year. Wendy去年读7年级。疑问句 Was wendy in the seventh grade last year?例如 Were you a pianist? Piano 钢琴 pianist钢琴家。 Yes , I was. No. I want .2. 一般动词的过去式:规则变化/ 不规则变化 规则变化-ed d ld 原型动词字尾有ed helped spelled wanted needed 原型动词字尾有e d loved dance-danced 原型动词为子音短母音 子音-重复字尾加ed 如 stopped planned (计划) 原型动词为子音有
17、y 去y 加ied 如 studystudied crycried 不规则变化 如 eat - ate Read(瑞得) - -read (瑞爱得)注意写法一样 读音不同Riderode Come-came Have -had See- -sawGo-went Teach-taught Give -gave Take-took现在 I walk to school. Every day .过去 I walked to school yesterday。1动词随着时间改变形态Mother goes to a supermarket every morning .妈妈每天早上去超市。过去式 Mot
18、her went to a supermarket yesterday morning .妈妈昨天早上去超市了。2主词为第三人称单数过去式不需加s 。 过去式是不分人称的。3一般动词(过去式)的否定句-需用助动词 Did /Do4肯定句 主词 加 一般动词过去式5否定句 主词 加did not 动词原型例如1.He called you last night 他昨天打给你电话了否定 He didint call you last night 他昨天没有给你打电话。例如2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday.我的姐姐和我昨天一天都在看电视。
19、否定 My sister and I didnt watch TV all day yesterday 我和我的姐姐昨天并非一天都在看电视。Not -all 并非- didnt -all 并非比较 否定句 (过去式)Be 动词- she was at home -She wasnt at home .一般动词-she studied English -She didnt study English .肯定句: 主词一般动词(过去式)疑问句: Did 主词 动词原型 ?例如1. His friends went to that movie last week 他的朋友们上周去看电影了。疑问句 D
20、id his friends go to that movie last week?例如2. Grace wrote a letter to David . Grace .给david 写了一封信。疑问句 Did Grace write a letter to David ? Yes,she did No, she didnt 比较-疑问句(过去式)Be 动词-He was sick 疑问句 Was he sick ? yes he was . No , he want 一般动词 He did his homework did 是一般动词do 的过去式 疑问句 Did he do his ho
21、mework. 注意 Do/does 现在 did 过去有俩种身份1. 它可以当一般动词做的意思 2. 它也是助动词 原型 Lesson 4代名词1. 人称代名词人称/格主 格(单数)所有格(单数)受 格(单数)主 格(复)所 有 格(复)受 格(复)第一人称Imyme we ourus 第二人称you youryou you youryou第三人称he she it his her its him her itthey theirtheirs主格,所有格, 受格的用法。主格 动词 如 He likes sports 所有格 名词 如: His friends are over there 。
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