新初三暑假语法讲义——第一讲 名词.doc
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1、第一讲 名词中考要求内容基本要求略高要求较高要求名词一、名词的分类及近义名词的辨析(完形);二、正确判断某些常用名词在特定语境中的可数和不可数特征性;三、名词的单复数(规则变形与不规则变形)及名词做定语的用法;四、名词所有格基本形式和一般用法。一、双重所有格二、名词词义辨析难点部分高中部分名词词义辨析语法考点名词 一、名词的分类 名词即表示人,事物,及抽象概念名称的词。它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表: 类别意义例词专有名词表示特定的人,物,机构或场所等的名词(首字母须大写)China, the Great Wall, the UN, Beijing, Bill Gates普通名
2、词可数名词个体名词表示同类的人或物中的个体student,tree, house, piano, dog集体名词表示若干人或物的总称只用作复数:people,police, cattle可用作单数&复数:family,team, class,group不可数名词物质名词表示物质和材料的总称paper,water,air, wood,rice, glass steel抽象名词表示动作,性质,状态或情感等抽象概念的名称work, news, weather ,health,life, homework, knowledge二名词的数名词有数的变化,从名词所表示的事物的性质看,可以分为两类:可数名词
3、,如:car汽车,army军队等;不可数名词,如:milk牛奶,water水,love爱等。1可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数名词的变化有规则变化和不规则变化两种。(1)规则变化构成方法语 音你会读吗?在词尾加-s1. 在清辅音后读作/s/2. 在浊辅音后读作/z/desk-desksdog-dogs1. 以s, x, sh, ch, z等结尾的名词之后加-es2. 如词尾为e,只加-s-(e)s读作/iz/class-classesbuzz-buzzes horse-horses page-pages如词尾为-f或-fe,则一般变为-ves-ves读作/vz/knife-knive
4、s以辅音y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加-es-ies读作/iz/family-families以o结尾的名词,有生命的加es,无生命的加s-es读作/z/tomato-tomatoesphoto - photos(2)不规则变化只变其中元音字母如:man - men woman - women policeman- policemen , Englishman-Englishmen goose geese foot - feet tooth - teethmouse - mice child - children 口诀:男人女人 a 变 e , 鹅足牙oo变ee ,小老鼠也好记,ous 变ic,
5、 儿童加上ren ,读音同时要发准。注:German Germans (除外) 单复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese,口诀:一个中国人和一个日本人骑着一头绵羊和鹿去吃水煮鱼。合成名词,只将其主体词变为复数形式。如:girl student girl studentspencil-box pencil-boxes room number- room numbers shoe factory-shoe factories 由man和woman构成的合成词,全都变成复数。如:man doctor men doctorswoman teacher
6、 women teachers【真题链接】1.All the _ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their (2009湖北孝感)own holiday. A. man B. men C. woman D. women2. The farmer raised ten_. (2009吉林)A sheeps B deers C horse D cows3. There are two _ in the city. (2007 河北)A cars factory B cars factories C factories
7、 of cars D car factories2不可数名词 1)概述:不可数名词一般只有单数形式,没有复数形式。它不能和a或an及数词搭配使用。值得注意的是,英语中的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致,因而不能单从意义上加以推测。 2) 表示方法:不可数名词表示数量可以和some, any, a lot of , little, a little, much, a piece of, a pound of, a cup of, a lot of等连用。结构为:“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”。量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of 后的名词只能用原形
8、。如:a piece of news four glasses of milk five bottles of water some bread a lot of rain3) 常考的不可数名词:1. 流体:water , air ,coffee, tea, milk, wine, juice, oil, honey, porridge,soup, ink2. 固体: 食品类:rice, bread, salt, butter, cheese, beef,chicken(鸡肉),fish(鱼肉),pork,meat 非食品类:paper, glass(玻璃),wood, cotton, rai
9、n,snow,chalk3. 表示总称的词:food, fruit, drink, clothing, money, furniture,population4.抽象名词:work, weather, news, advice, music, fun, time, knowledge, information5.研究学科:maths, physics, politics【真题链接】1. _ we had making snowmen last Sunday! (2009天津)A What a great fun B What great fun C How a great fun D how
10、great fun2. The news_ very interesting! Tell me more! (2009 河北)A is B are C were, D was 3. There _ a lot of good news in todays newspaper. A. is B. are C. was D. Were4.There is some _ on the table. A. apple B. orange C. cake D. Sandwich5.We need to come up with a/an _ and make a decision at once. (2
11、009吉林通化)A. informationB. adviceC. idea D. news6.I like _ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways. (2009河南)A. fish B. butter C. potatoes D. Noodles7. Oh, my _ is broken.A a cup of tea B a cup of teas C tea cup8. Im hungry, Can you give me _? (2007.湖南岳阳)A some slice of bread B some sli
12、ces of bread C some breads9.He does some_and gets a lot of_.A.work;moneys B.jobs;money C.job; moneys D.works;money三、名词的所有格 名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是s 所有格,另一种是of 所有格。 1 名词所有格的构成 1)表示有生命的名词,在单数名词或不以s 结尾的复数名词后加“ s ”, 在以s 结尾的名词后只加“ ”如:the boys schoolbag 这男孩的书包 the workers shoes 这个二人的鞋 the teachers of
13、fice 老师们的办公室 the students classroom 学生们的教室 Womens Day 妇女节 the Peoples Park 人民公园 2) 表示无生命的名词所有格用“ of +无生命名词”来表示。如:the name of the ship 船的名字a map of china 一张中国的地图The door of the room 房间的门3) 双重所有格有两种形式: of +名词所有格 of+名词性物主代词(人大附中,三帆,清华附,五中初一考过)如:a friend of my brothers 我哥哥的一个朋友(相当于:one of my brothers fr
14、iends)a pen of yours 你的一只钢笔注意: a photo of my fathers (我父亲若干照片中的一张,不一定是父亲本人) a photo of my father (指照片上的人就是父亲自己)2名词所有格的用法 1)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词用 s 所有格来表示。 如: todays newspaper 今天的报纸 ten minutes break 十分钟的休息 (比较:ten-minute break) Chinas capital 中国的首都 Beijings weather 北京的天气2) 表示店铺,医院,诊所,住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上s
15、 代表全称。如: the doctors 医生的诊室 my uncles 我叔叔家 the bakers 面包店3) 用and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后的一个名词后加s 如: Lily and Lucys mother is a nurse. 莉莉和露西的妈妈是一个护士。4) 用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时两个名词都在词尾加s 表示所有关系。如: These are Toms and Marys bags. 这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。【真题链接】1. Marys skirt is the same as her_ . (2009 山东济南)A siste
16、rs B brother C sisters D brothers2.It is five years since we began to enjoy a _ spring holiday each year. (2009 浙江杭州)A ten-day B ten day C ten days D ten-days3. He borrowed a dictionary from_.A. one of his friend B. a friend of him C. a his friend D. a friend of his4. Lets meet at 7:30 outside the g
17、ate of_.A the Peoples Park B the Peoples Park C the People Park D Peoples Park (2009广东)四、 易错点清单1. 由“a pair( a kind, series.)+ of +复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;“pairs(kinds.)+of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table. 衣服太阳镜放在桌子上。This pair of trousers is very new, but Toms trousers ar
18、e very old.2. “数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式。如:如: She is an eight-year-old girl. 她是一个八岁的女孩。(eight-year-old不能说成eight-years-old)比较: The girl is eight years old. 那个女孩八岁了。a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币a 100-meter race 百米赛跑a ten-story- high building 一栋十层高的楼房。3. 有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:work(工作)a
19、work (著作)glass(玻璃)a glass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)a paper(报纸,文件试卷)room(空间) a room(房间)【真题链接】1. Bill said they were going to have_holiday. (2009 河南)A a two-weeks B a two-week C two weeks D two weeks2. He is reading_and writing something down on_.A.paper;a piece of paper B.a paper;paper C.paper; a paper D.a paper;
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