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1、初中英语语法一句子结构 第一讲、夯实基础,掌握句子结构。我们的目标是:坚决不写畸形句子! 第一种句子成分主语是句子所叙述的主体,是发出动作的事物! 或者表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词,短语或从句充当。 Harry potter is the hero in this book.We often speak english in class.Playing basketball is interesting.试着找出下列句子的主语He is tall.He works hard.I believe him.I believe that he is hone
2、st.To learn English is important.Swimming is a sport he enjoys.That he has been to many parts of the world is known to everyone in our class. 用动词做的主语和从句主语也可用it替代,叫形式主语,真实主语在句中都后移,如: It is important to learn English.It is known to everyone in our class that he has been to many parts of the world 第二种句
3、子成分谓语“做什么(动作)”“是什么东西”“怎么样(特性)”。总是由动词或动词短语充当。谓语与主语在人称和数上必须保持一致! I saw your brother yesterday.Please look after the twins.Davids hobby is writting.You may keep the book for two weeks.快来找找下列句子的谓语:My mom is weaving a sweater.The little boy is crying for his dog.She looks so amazing.I am so happy for you
4、.You are not my cup of tea.特别友情提示:用作主语的名词中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上一致I like homework.She likes the boy next classroom.Ultraman beats little monters.I am a cute boy.She is beautiful.Her children are naughty like monkeys.第三种句子成分宾语位于及物动词之后,表示动作的对象,承受者或结果。主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词,短语或从句充当。He did his English homework. (名词
5、作宾语)The workers are building the bridge. (名词作宾语)I enjoy sharing my work experience. (动词ing形式作宾语)She is doing her homework now. (名词作宾语)She said she felt sick. (从句作宾语)We often help him. (代词作宾语)He likes playing basketball. (动名词V-ing作宾语)He likes to play basketball. (不定式作宾语) 能不能分辨出下面句子的宾语呢?The boys were
6、watching the world cup match.Can you feel the power of love?We enjoy listening to the music.She wanted a barbie toy so much when she was young.Zhang Yimou made a love movie. 第四种句子成分表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。I am a teacher.She is beautiful.This song sounds good.Leaves turned green.找出下面句子的表语Th
7、is flower is beautiful.I felt very tired.You look worried.It tastes delicious.I am fine .He is a boy .Five plus two is seven .We are here .He is not at home .My hobby is reading . 第一大类句子结构:功能:不表示具体动作,表示主语的特点或者性质特征,所以也叫主语补足语。1. 主语+系动词+表语(SVP)+【状语】be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词,后面必须接表语,才能用来说明主语,表示“是”,“变成”,或者“是
8、什么样”等意思。表语通常由名词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式等充当。I am a teacher.He become a scientist.My sister is out now.They are honest.在英语中,除了be动词和become属于系动词外,还有一些行为动词,当它们表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这类动词包括: 五 五sound (耳)听起来taste (口)尝起来smell (鼻)闻起来feel (手)摸起来 Children grow wiser as they grow.The lijiang river looks especially be
9、autiful in the early morning.Dinner smells good.His voice sounded strange on the phone.The cake tastes delicious.第五种句子成分状语,可位于句首、句末或句中,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示动作,行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、方式、程度等。由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当。He speaks English very well. (表程度)He is playing under the tree. (表地点)I come to see you. (表目
10、的)Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. (表时间,地点)The boy was praised for his bravery. (表原因)If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. (表条件) 第二大类句子结构 2. SS主语+VI谓语+(其他) 功能:表达具体的动作,表示主语发出什么样的动作,做什么样的事。 主语+VI谓语(不及物动词VI)+【状语】这是英语里最基本的句型“主语+不及物动词”构成的句子的基本部分。VI(不及物动词)后面不能直接带宾语。但是有时为了表示动
11、作发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、目的等,可以有状语来修饰。Class begins.His father has gone abroad.Jim runs in the park.We stopped to have a rest.但是有些动词既可以作不及物动词又可以作及物动词。They are playing on the playground.Theyre playing football.They are studying.They are studying English. 3. S主语+VT谓语(及物动词)+O宾语+【状语】在此句型中,谓语动词是及物动词,其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达
12、完整。句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语来充当。 She likes English. (名词作宾语)He stopped writing. (动词-ing形式作宾语)They want to go. (不定式作宾语)She knows what to do next. (“疑问词+不定式”作宾语)有些不及物动词后面加上介词就相当于一个及物动词,后面就可以加宾语了。例如,You must listen to me.(你必须听我的。)listen是不及物动词。但是加上to之后,listen to就相当于一个及物动词,它后面就可以跟宾语me.类似的还有look
13、at, laugh at, quarrel with等。 因为英语中动词数量有限,为了表达意思更清楚在多数情况下,谓语由动词词组充当,分两种情况:1.及物动词+副词,2.不及物动词+介词。 1.含有away, out, forward, up (表示方向,方位)等副词的动词词组是可拆分的。如, They carried out the plan successfully.They carried the plan out successfully.动副词组都可以这样用,如,point out(指出), carry out(执行), put forward(提出), work out(做出,算出
14、), find out(找出), give up(放弃), give away(赠送,分发),pick up(拣起), put up(挂上), 等。2. 而含有介词 at, for, from, into, of, with, to 等的动介词组是不可拆分的。如,look after(照顾), look at(瞧), look for(寻找), belong to(属于), refer to(参考,提及), think of(考虑,评价), send for(派人去请), care for(喜欢),suffer from(受之苦), deal with(对付,应付), object to(反对
15、), pay for(付的钱),等。即我们只能说think of it,不能说think it of. 具体的有In 在动词词组中用作副词,表示“在里面”,“往里进”,“在家”等意思。如,get in(收割),hand in(提交,交进)。 用作介词,表示“在地点”, “在范围”, “在方面”。 如,persist in(坚持),succeed in (在成功)。Off在动词词组中 用作副词,表示“关闭”,“隔离,离开”,“去掉”,等意思。如,turn off(关掉), switch off(关掉), ring off(挂断电话), keep off(远离), take off(脱掉), ki
16、ck off(踢脱), carry off(运走), put off(推迟), pay off(付清),give off(放出).用作介词,表示“从下来”。如,get off(下车), fall off(从掉下来).On 在动词词组中用作副词,表示“开”,“走开”,“传递”,“穿戴”。 如,turn on(开),move on(走开), pass on(传递), put on(穿上), have on(穿着). 用作介词,表示“在上”,“在方面”。 如,work on(从事于), operate on(在上动手术), agree on(同意)。表示“上车,上船,上”, 如,get on(上车,
17、上船),ride on(骑上)。表示“依靠”,“以为基础”, “按照”, 如,depend on(依靠),base on(以为基础), feed on(以为食), live on(以为生计).Over在动词词组中用作副词,表示“翻转”,“翻倒”,如, turn over(打翻,翻倒),push over(推倒). 表示“过一遍”,“仔细”,“遍及”,如,think over(仔细考虑),look over(仔细查看,研究). 用作介词,表示“从上越过”,如,fly over(从上飞过), jump over(从上跳过).go over(越过,横过)。 表示“为了”,“由于”,如,quarrel
18、 over(为争吵),cry over(因哭泣). 表示“查看”,“复习”,“检查”,如,go over(检查,复习). 附:许多由及物动词+名词+介词构成的三词动词词组也要跟宾语,如:pay attention to(注意), catch hold of(抓住,握住), catch sight of(看见,发现),do harm to(对有害), get rid of(排除,除去), make fun of(取笑,嘲笑),put (ones) heart into(专心于), say hello to(打招呼), sing praise for(赞扬,表扬),take care of(照顾)
19、, take part in(参加), take pride in(以自豪,骄傲)。 1 我不信任那个人。I dont believe in(介) that man.2 他指出了我的作文中的错误。He pointed out(副) the mistakes in my composition.3 圣诞节我们将去看望外籍教师。On Christmas Day, we will call on our foreign teachers.4 你们必须在课后把练习本交上来You must hand in your exercise-books after class.5 五分钟内我们是不可能解出这道题
20、来的。We cannot work out(副) the problem in five minutes. 区别:主系表and主谓宾一定要分清楚(主系表主语的特性,身份,特征。表达主语是什么,怎么样) (主谓宾主语做动作。表达主语做了什么)The good student is reading.The good students hobby is reading.第六种句子成分宾语补足语,位于宾语之后,用来补充宾语的意义。由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词等充当。Please call me Tom.He made Mary cry.4. S主语+VT谓语(及物
21、动词)+O宾语+OC宾语补足语+【状语】 在某些及物动词的后面,需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词和介词短语等都可以作宾语补足语。在英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有1个其他的句子成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态、动作等,称为宾语补足语,简称宾补。 比如说: I heard Jean singing this morning. 句子中的Jean显然是宾语。但是主语I听到的并不是Jean,而是Jean singing。singing 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑
22、上来讲,是Jean执行了singing的动作。 句子中的singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。例:I find learning English difficult.difficult是形容词作宾补。I will make you a captain.The manager asked Amanda to leave.His words made me sad.能不能理解宾语补足语的意义I find learning English difficult.I saw t
23、he kite up and down.Tom made the girl cry.He proved that theory very important.I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.Mr Li suggested she not go there alone.第七种句子成分定语,它位置灵活,用来修饰名词或代词,说明名词或代词的品质与特征。由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词的所有格、介词短语、不定式等等,总之是相当于形容词的词或短语以及从句充当!定语就相当于中文中的“. .的”形容词作定语The pink dre
24、ss is hers.The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy.(handsome修饰名词boy)Tom是个英俊的男孩。His boy needs Toms pen.(his修饰名词boy;Toms修饰名词pen)/他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom.(his修饰名词name)他的名字是汤姆。介词短语作定语The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.(in the classro
25、om 修饰名词boy;of yours修饰名词pen)教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom.(in blue修饰名词boy)穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。分词(短语)作定语The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.( smiling 修饰名词boy;bought by his mother修饰名词pen)/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China.(bought by her 修饰名词pen;bought by her 修饰名词pe
26、n)/她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left.(five修饰名词boy;left修饰名词boy)/有五个留下的男孩。 5. S主语+VT谓语+IO直接宾语+DO间接宾语+【状语】及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。有的时候一个动作要涉及到两个宾语。这个时候 宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语,二者合称双宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象;间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物,也就是说:间接宾语是指动作是对谁做的,或者为谁做的,所以只能是名词或代词的宾格担当间接宾语。此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事物)组成。He brings me cookies e
27、very day.She made me a beautiful dress.但要先说出直接宾语(事物),后说间接宾语(人),则要借助于介词to或for如,He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,等。(需借助for 的) buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare,等。 I bought John a birthday present.或I bought a birthday present for john.Please tell me your telephone number.或Please tell your telephone number to me. 百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆 16
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