新初三暑假语法讲义——第九讲 情态动词.doc
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1、第九讲 情态动词中考要求内容基本要求略高要求较高要求情态动词一、情态动词的定义和特点;二、情态动词的用法;三、情态动词的语法特征。情态动词的推测情态动词和虚拟语气的结合考点梳理清单一、情态动词的定义情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。例:We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗?You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校
2、规。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有:can(could), may(might), must, need, ought to, dare(dared), shall(should), will(would)。情态动词的位置情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前,谓语动词前若有助动词,情态动词则放在助动词前。疑问句中,情态动词放在主语之前。例:I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你,过来吧。He must have been away.他一定走了。What can I do for you? 我能为你做点什么?How dare you treat us like that!
3、你怎能那样对待我们!清单二、情态动词的特点情态动词无人称和数的变化,不能单独作谓语,情态动词后面跟动词原形,否定构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在和过去两种形,过去用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。例:He could be here soon. 他很快就来。We cant carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。Im sorry I cant help you. 对不起,我帮不上你。清单三、人称代词情态动词的分类(中考涉及)情态动词有四类: 只作情态动词: can(could), must, may (might), 可作
4、情态动词又可作实义动词:need可作情态动词又可作助动词:shall (should), will (would) 具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to清单四、情态动词的用法1 can(could)表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可及推测(多用于否定或疑问), could为can的过去。例:Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗?Could you help me, please? 请问,你能帮助我吗?What can you do? 你能干点什么呢?Can you be sure? 你有把握吗?can 和could 只能用于现在
5、和过去两种时态,将来时态用be able to 来表示。如表示过去成功做了某事,用be able to。例:He could help us at all.他完全可以帮助我们。With the teachers help, I shall be able to speak English correctly.由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。“can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如: He can not have been to that town. 他不可能去过那个小镇。Could+ have+过去分词:用在肯定句中表示本能
6、做却没有做。如:He could have finished his homework now.他现在本应把作业写(10崇文二模 ) you play the piano? No. But I can play the violin. A、Can B、May C、Must D、Should(10丰台二模)I dont like the color of this hat. you show me another one, please? A、Could B、Need C、Must D、Should(10朝阳二模 ) you play tennis, Tom? Yes, I can. A、Can
7、 B、May C、Must D、Need(09朝阳一模 )Can you answer the last question?No, I _. Its too difficult.AmustntBcantCneedntDshouldnt(09 崇文一摸)Can you finish the work in three days ?Sorry, I _. My computer doesnt work.Amustnt Bmay not Ccan tDneednt(09宣武一摸)David, is that man your Chinese teacher?It _ be him. Hes havi
8、ng a meeting.AmustntBcantCneedntDwont(09崇文二模)_ I borrow your calculator?of course you can.AMustBCanCShouldDWill(09宣武二模)Could I have a look at the photo of your family, Sam?Of course, you _.AneedBcanCcouldDmust2must必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时,过去可用have to 的过去代替。例:I
9、 must finish my work today.我今天必须完成我的工作。You mustnt work all the time.你不能老是工作。Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗?After such a long walk, you must be tired.走了这么长的路,你一定累了。He must be the man I am looking for.他一定是我要找的人。He had to go because of somebody s calling him that day.那天他要走是因为有人叫他。must + have
10、+过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。例:He must have told my parents about it.他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。He must have received my letter now.他现在一定收到我的信了。Its six oclock already, we must have been late again.已经六点钟了,我们一定又迟到了。(10西城二模 )Must I stay here with you? No, you _. Just do your own business. A、mustnt B、neednt C、cant D、may not
11、(09朝阳二模)Excuse me, must I finish my homework now?No, you _ You can hand it in tomorrow.Amustnt BneedntCshouldntDwouldnt(09东城二模)Who is that man?That _ be Mr. Green. He always walks this way. Hi! Mr. Green.ACan BmayCneedDmust(09 石景山一摸)_ I go swimming with Dad, Mom? No, you neednt. You can stay at home
12、.AMustBMay CWouldDCan3may(might)可以,表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。可表示可能推测,might可能性较小。此外,may放在肯定句句首表祝愿。例:You may take the book home.你可以把书带回家去.May I come in? 我可以进来吗?May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗?You may put on more clothes.你可以多穿点衣服。He said he might lend us some money.他说他可以借给我们一些钱。May you succeed! 祝你成功!May的否
13、定形式为may not,缩写形是maynt。might 是may 的过去,有两种用法,一种表示过去,一种表示虚拟语气,使语气更加委婉,客气或对可能性的怀疑。例:He told me he might be here on time.他说他能按时间来。Might I borrow some money now.现在我可以借点钱吗?He might be alive.他可能还活着。(10宣武二模)May I copy your homework? Sorry. You _. A may not B. neednt C. mustnt D. wont(09海淀二模)May I go out and
14、play games.?No, you _. Youve got a lot of work to do.Acant BneedntCwouldntDdont(09石景山二模)Tom, dont play with fire; you _ hurt yourself.OK, mum.AShould BmayCmustDneed4need需要,多用在否定或疑问句中。例:Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天参加会议吗?You need not hand in the paper this week.这一周你不必交论文。need 是一个情态动词,他的用法
15、完全和其他情态动词一样,但need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时need 就像其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数,后面加带to 的动词等特性。作实义动词need的用法:need sth.need to doneed doing= need to be done 主动表被动例:I need a bike to go to school.我上学需要一辆自行车。Do you need a dictionary? 你需要词典吗?She needs a necklace.她需要一条项链。neednt + have+过去分词表示过去做了没必要做的事情。例:You neednt have taken it se
16、riously. 这件事情你不必太认真。 Its hot today, and you neednt have worn so much. dare 敢多用在否定或疑问句中。例:The little girl dare not speak in public.小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗? (09西城一摸)You _ return the book now. You can keep it till next week.AshouldBmustntCneedntDmay5will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出
17、请求或询问,用would比will更婉转,客气。例:Its hot. Will you open the windows? 天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗?Will you help me to work it out? 你能帮我解这道题吗?Would you like some coffee? 给你来点咖啡怎样?6shall, should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议惊奇。例:You should hand in the exercise book.你应该交作业本儿了。This should be no problem.这应该没问题。Shall we go now.我们现在可以走了吗
18、?Why should I meet him? 为什么我要见他?7have to 不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must则表示主观思想必须。例:I have to go now.我现在得走了。I have to cook for my child.我得给孩子做饭。You must be here on time next time.你下次一定要按时来。We must go to get the timetable ourselves.我们一定要自己去拿时刻表。重点难点解析难点一、比较can和be able to1. can / could表示能力;可能(过去时用could),只用于现在
19、和过去(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态且有人称和数的变化。例:They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。2. 只用be able to的情况:(1)位于助动词后。(2)情态动词后。(3)表示过去某时刻动作时。(4)用于句首表示条件。(5)表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could。例:He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the wa
20、r broke out.注意:could 不表示时态的情况:(1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。例:Could I have the television on?Yes, you can. / No, you cant.(2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例:He couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。难点二、比较may和might1.表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may放在句首,表示祝愿。例:May God bless you!He might be at home.注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小。2.成语
21、:may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定,意为“不妨”。例:If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题:Peter come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.A. must B. may C. can D. will难点三、比较have to和must1.两词都是“必须”的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。例:My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in t
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