语言功能Functions of language.doc
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1、Functions of languageFunction definedFunction means purpose, usefulness aspects of language. Examples from classic literature (In such cases natural selection might easily specialise, if any advantage were thus gained, a part or organ, which had performed two functions, for one function alone, and t
2、hus wholly change its nature by insensible steps.The Origin of Species by Darwin, CharlesView in contextThere exists a monition of the Bishop of Durham against irregular churchmen of this class, who associated themselves with Border robbers, and desecrated the holiest offices of the priestly functio
3、n, by celebrating them for the benefit of thieves, robbers, and murderers, amongst ruins and in caverns of the earth, without regard to canonical form, and with torn and dirty attire, and maimed rites, altogether improper for the occasion.Ivanhoe by Scott, WalterView in contextWith dim lights and ta
4、ngled circumstance they tried to shape their thought and deed in noble agreement; but after all, to common eyes their struggles seemed mere inconsistency and formlessness; for these later-born Theresas were helped by no coherent social faith and order which could perform the function of knowledge fo
5、r the ardently willing soul.Middlemarch by Eliot, GeorgeView in contextSearle (1969) and Leech (1983), etc. have respectively classified the functions of languages in terms of speech acts.Language can perform many functions. Here are some of the key ones:2.2.2 Phatic (寒暄功能)When language is used to e
6、stablish an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it fulfills the phatic function. E.g.: farewells, comments on the weather, greetings (addressing as part of greeting) such as Hi!; Good weather, isnt it?; How are things with you? 2.2.3 Directive (指
7、令功能)When language is used to get the hearer to do something, it serves a directive function. E.g.: Listen, my children. Pass me the salt, please; You should do it right away; If I were you, I would not take the money; Have another sandwich; Do come in, please. (speaker-cost / benefit; hearer-cost /
8、benefit)2.2.4 Informative (信息功能) Language can serve the informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts, or to reason things out. E.g.: Water boils at 21 degree Fahrenheit. 从西方哲学史看,对日常语言作哲学思辩不是什么新的哲学课题。早在古希腊时期哲学家对语言是否是人的区别属性就做过较深入的思考。分析哲学所关心的一些
9、核心问题,如命题、真假值、指称、有定表述、分析命题、综合命题、预设等都是跟语言发生直接的关系。(顾曰国,2002:25)2.2.5 Interrogative (疑问功能)Language is used to get information from others. E.g.: questions to expect an answer such as When /Where/ Why/ What / How . did you manage it? What do you think of my plan? 那么当代的日常语言分析哲学又有什么特点呢?首先,日常语言分析哲学是分析哲学这个大浪
10、潮中的一个分支。(顾曰国,2002:15)2.2.6 Expressive (表达功能)Language is used to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. E.g.: ejaculations such as Good heavens!; “my God!; “Im extremely sorry about it. 牧场是我家Home on the Rangehttp:/www.usembassy- 关于牧场是我家这首诗歌的来历有两种不同的说法。一种认爲它是由堪萨斯州的布鲁斯特希利博士和丹
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