A Research of Euphemism from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle 从合作原则角度看委婉语.doc
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1、从合作原则角度看委婉语A Research of Euphemism from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle内容摘要委婉语是语言使用中协调人际关系的一个重要手段。委婉语是一种用曲折的方式表达说话者思想的特殊的语言表达方式。作为英语词汇中不可分割的一部分,英语委婉语一直引起人们的关注。基于刍人的研究成果,文章専从合作原则角度对委婉语进行讨。首先,文章概括了国内外学者对委婉语的研究现状,并简述了其构思。其次,从委婉语作为一种语言学概念入手,分析了其官义、分类和构成。接着,文章重点探讨了委婉语与合作原则之间的关系。阐述了合作原则是指人们在交际过程中
2、遵媈质、量、相关和方式准则,而委婉语恰恰违反了这些准则,并引用大量有说服性的实例说明了英语委娉语的使用是如何违法合作原则以更好的达到对话效果。文章还阐述了委婉语违反合作原则的动机是为了避讳、表达礼貌、美化和掩饰。最后,对全文的论炸进行了总结和回顾,并提出了问题。总之,委婉语昫违背倈作原则各准则而亦生的常规语言的一种变异。因此,对于胱语学习者来说,理解委婉语和合作原则的关系显得尤为重要,能更好地运用委婉语进行交际。关键词: 英语委婉语;合作原则;动因AbstractEuphemism is an important device to lubricate human relationship,
3、and it has probably existed from the beginning of language. Its main function is to substitute taboo words to achieve a desirable communication effect. As an indispensable and natural part of English language, English euphemism has been arousing wide interest. Based on the scholars achievements, thi
4、s thesis will study euphemisms from the perspective of Cooperative Principle.In the thesis, fistly I study the present situations of euphemisms at home and aboard, and narrate the conception of the thesis. Secondly, I try to analyze the definition, classification and formation of it. And then, it st
5、udy euphemisms from the perspective of Cooperative Principle. Cooperative Principle refers to the quantity maxim, quality maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim which people should observe in communication. However, it turns out that euphemisms violate the principle.There are many examples confirm i
6、t. The thesis also discuss the motives of euphemisms by violating the Cooperative Principle. Its main purpose is evading taboos, showing politeness, beaufication and disguising. Finally, it gives a conclusion and a review to the thesis, and it also poses some questions.Society is in a constant state
7、 of development and change. So is language. As a common language phenomenon, euphemism is also changing constantly. Consequently, for English learners, understanding the relations between euphemisms and Cooperative Principle is of great importance in communication.Key words: English Euphemism ,Coope
8、rative Principle , motivesContents内容摘要.iAbstract. .iiIntroduction .11. General Introduction to Euphemism .31.1 Definition of Euphemism 31.2 Classification of Euphemism.61.2.1 Positive Euphemism and Negative Euphemism . .61.2.2 Unconscious Euphemism and Eonscious Euohemism.71.3 Devices of English Eup
9、hemism-formation. .81.3.1 Phonetic Device 81.3.2 Lexical Device91.3.3 Grammatical Device112.Euphemism and Cooperative Principle 152.1 The Cooperative Principle.162.2 The Violation of Cooperative Principle in Euphemism . 172.2.1 Euphemism Violating Maxim of Quantity 172.2.2 Euphemism Violating Maxim
10、of Quality 192.2.3 Euphemism Violating Maxim of Relation. .222.2.4 Euphemism Violating Maxim of Manner243. Motives of Euphemizing by Violating Cooperative Principle273.1 Evading Taboos 273.2 showing politeness293. 3 Beautification303. 4 Disguising31Conclusion. 33Notes.36Bibliography37Acknowledgement
11、s.38Introductioneuphemism is an indirect, roundabout, and polite mode of expression used to talk about something unpleasant. As an indispensable and natural part of English language and a common linguistic phenomenon, euphemism is one of the most important means to coordinate peoples relationship. I
12、t has been extensively used in human beings communication. As Enright, D.J. wrote in Fair of Speech, The Use of Euphemism1985, “a language without euphemisms would be a defective instrument of communication”1. In the more civilized mordern world, the interpersonal and iternational communication with
13、out euphemisms is unimaginable. Meanwhile, euphemism is a complicated linguistic phenomenon, which involves history, culture, nationalities, gender, psychology, context purposes, etc. Therefore, it has been arousing wide interest from different angles in the academic circle both at home and abroad.I
14、n the western world, the study of euphemism has a rather long history. In the early 80s of the sixteenth century, George Blunt, a British writer, for the first time coined the word “euphemism” and was defined as “a good or favorable interpretation of a bad word”2. In 1981, the British linguist Hugh
15、Rawson discussed the history, the definition, the classification, the scope of euphemism extensively. In 1985, D. J. Enright published a book Fair of Speech, the Use of Euphemism, which studied the use of euphemism in one specific domain. In China, for a long period, the study of euphemism mainly fo
16、cused on the rhetoric aspect .But with the development of linguistics, Fan Jiacai first gave us a detailed description of euphemism. And he systematically discussed the causes, features and constructing means of euphemism. Later, Pan Shaozhang and Li Xinhua discussed the definition, constructing mea
17、ns and the applicable scope of euphemism and the relations between aesthetics and euphemism. And Chen Yuan probed the profound historical and social-psychological background of euphemism. After that, Wu Tieping revealed that fuzziness is one of the means to format euphemism. And Shu Dingfang, Wang W
18、ei, etc. studied euphemism from the pragmatic perspective.Without doubt, the pragmatic study of euphemism is of great importance and value in the study of euphemism ,and one of the most widely discussed issues is: what are the pragmatic principles that could explain the formation of euphemism and gu
19、ide the application of it? Many scholars proposed new “principles” constantly. However, these new “principles” would not solve the problem, if not making it more complicated. Actually, the “principles” created by these scholars are overlapping and partial. Firstly, the definition of the term “princi
20、ple” is not clear and it seems that after Grice and Leech the term “principle” is abused and becomes misleading; secondly, there is no theoretical base to these “principles” and the explanation is inadequate; Finally, these “principles” are regarded as independent aspects, but it is not the case. So
21、, in this paper, I plan to probe into the Cooperative Principles influencing the use of euphemism and use abundant examples to reveal how their being violations enable euphemism to create harmony and strengthen the social fabric.1. General Introduction to EuphemismEuphemism is a common linguistic ph
22、enomenon, and it is widely used by people no matter what time they live in or what culture they are saturated. It plays an important role in peoples daily communication. The word “euphemism” comes from Greek; “eu” means “good” or “well”; the root “pheme” means “saying” or “speech”; and “ism” is a no
23、un suffix. Primarily as a kind of trope employed in nonhostile social communication in such English-speaking societies as Britain, the United States and Australia, etc. English euphemism is an indirect strategic expression substituting the expression with an unpleasant connotation by producing some
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