专业英语写作Chapter 6 Abstract Writing.ppt
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1、Chapter 6,Abstract Writing,Definition of an abstract,Short account or brief overview of the contents of a book,a paper,or a report,etc.,What are abstracts written for?,1)For readers to identify and locate the necessary articles/libraries to catalogue the articles-identifying and locating function-bi
2、bliographic information;2)For readers to decide if they need to read it or not-sorting function-overview of the article.,The format of an abstract for journal papers,The Title The title of your abstract should be the same as the title of your scientific paper.The Body of the Abstract The abstract is
3、 a very brief overview of your entire study.It tells the reader WHAT you did,WHY you did it,HOW you did it,WHAT you found,and WHAT it means.The abstract should briefly state the purpose of the research(introduction),how the problem was studied(methods),the principal findings(results),and what the fi
4、ndings mean(discussion and conclusion).It tends to be descriptive but concise-say only what is essential,using no more words than necessary to convey meaning.The Key Words Several key words are used for the bibliographic(书目的)information needed by libraries and information retrieval systems for catal
5、oguing,Sample,Cultural Differences between China and U.S.A(Title of the article)Xu Ping(The authors name)(Tsinghua University,Beijing China 100000)(The authors office address)Abstract:(Body part)Key words:,*The body part*,1.Only one paragraph is needed.2.Imperative sentences,exclamations,formulas an
6、d tables,etc.are not permitted.3.Comments,explanations and interpretations are not needed.4.Third person should be used,for example:this paper,it,etc.5.Passive voice is often used.6.Present tense,past tense,and present perfect tense are often used in writing an abstract.7.Sentences used should be cl
7、ear and concise.,*The keywords*,Better to use specific words or word groups for the purpose of retrieval(e.g.“carbon dioxide”instead of“organic compound”);Avoid abbreviated words created by yourself,use abbreviations recognized by scientific community(e.g.:DNA);Use appropriate number of key words(3-
8、5).,Sample abstract for journal paper,This paper deals with the English syllabus for graduate students in China.It first reviews the history of the graduate English teaching,then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its revision.Key words:syllabus,grad
9、uate English teaching,Tenses used in abstracts,1.Mostly the present tense is used,the past and the present perfect tense are also used occasionally.2.Academic papers are written to reveal the truth which remains the same in the past,nowadays,and in the future,so the findings are reported in the pres
10、ent tense.3.The past tense is used to tell an action which happened in the past and finishes now.For example,“This was first known in 1930”.4.The present perfect tense is used to indicate the continuity of the process.Though a process occurred in the past,its effect on the real life is emphasized th
11、rough the present perfect tense.For example,“Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold”.,Example 1:present tense and passive voice Variations of the drawing are discussed in terms of the structure in these materials.Theincrements are also interpreted using a threephases model.
12、,Example 2:past tense and passive voice An analysis of the cure kinetics ofseveral different formulations wasperformed.All kinetic parameters ofthe curing reaction were calculated andreported.,Example 3:past perfect tense and passive voice The phase diagram of this system has been confirmed by therm
13、al analysis methods.By an optimization method the excess of the liquid mixtures was also calculated.From these values the mixing contents have been deduced.,Voices used in abstracts1.Presently,the passive voice is frequently used in English abstracts.It is thought that more information is gathered i
14、n the beginning part in this way,which highlights the meaning.2.The active voice is occasionally but increasingly used.And the person“we”is used.The sentence with active voice is regarded to be clear,forceful,and concise.,Examples:active voice1.We report rheological data on anionic polyelec trolyte
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