2785.B佛山市中小型企业人才战略初探 外文参考文献译文及原文.doc
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1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文 学 院 经济管理学院 专 业 工商管理 年级班别 学 号 学生姓名 指导教师 年 月 日目 录外文文献译文(1).1外文文献原文(1).3外文文献译文(2).7外文文献原文(2).9外文文献译文(3).12外文文献原文(3).14西方经典激励理论之二:赫茨伯格的双因素激励理论激励因素保健因素理论是美国的行为科学家弗雷德里克。赫茨伯格(Fredrick Herzberg)提出来的,又称双因素理论。赫茨伯格曾获得纽约市立学院的学土学位和匹兹堡大学的博士学位,以后在美国和其他三十多个国家从事管理教育和管理咨询工作,是犹他大学的特级管理教授。他的主要著作有:
2、工作的激励因素(1959,与伯纳德。莫斯纳、巴巴拉。斯奈德曼合著)、工作与人性(1966)、管理的选择:是更有效还是更有人性(1976)。双因素理论是他最主要的成就,在工作丰富化方面,他也进行了开创性的研究。 20世纪5O年代末期,赫茨伯格和他的助手们在美国匹兹堡地区对二百名工程师、会计师进行了调查访问。访问主要围绕两个问题:在工作中,哪些事项是让他们感到满意的,并估计这种积极情绪持续多长时间;又有哪些事项是让他们感到不满意的,并估计这种消极情绪持续多长时间。赫茨伯格以对这些问题的回答为材料,着手去研究哪些事情使人们在工作中快乐和满足,哪些事情造成不愉快和不满足。结果他发现,使职工感到满意的都
3、是属于工作本身或工作内容方面的;使职工感到不满的,都是属于工作环境或工作关系方面的。他把前者叫做激励因素,后者叫做保健因素。保健因素的满足对职工产生的效果类似于卫生保健对身体健康所起的作用。保健从人的环境中消除有害于健康的事物,它不能直接提高健康水平,但有预防疾病的效果;它不是治疗性的,而是预防性的。保健因素包括公司政策、管理措施、监督、人际关系、物质工作条件、工资、福利等。当这些因素恶化到人们认为可以接受的水平以下时,就会产生对工作的不满意。但是,当人们认为这些因素很好时,它只是消除了不满意,并不会导致积极的态度,这就形成了某种既不是满意、又不是不满意的中性状态。那些能带来积极态度、满意和激
4、励作用的因素就叫做“激励因素”,这是那些能满足个人自我实现需要的因素,包括:成就、赏识、挑战性的工作、增加的工作责任,以及成长和发展的机会。如果这些因素具备了,就能对人们产生更大的激励。从这个意义出发,赫茨伯格认为传统的激励假设,如工资刺激、人际关系的改善、提供良好的工作条件等,都不会产生更大的激励;它们能消除不满意,防止产生问题,但这些传统的“激励因素”即使达到最佳程度,也不会产生积极的激励。按照赫茨伯格的意见,管理当局应该认识到保健因素是必需的,不过它一旦使不满意中和以后,就不能产生更积极的效果。只有“激励因素”才能使人们有更好的工作成绩。赫茨伯格及其同事以后又对各种专业性和非专业性的工业
5、组织进行了多次调查,他们发现,由于调查对象和条件的不同,各种因素的归属有些差别,但总的来看,激励因素基本上都是属于工作本身或工作内容的,保健因素基本都是属于工作环境和工作关系的。但是,赫茨伯格注意到,激励因素和保健因素都有若干重叠现象,如赏识属于激励因素,基本上起积极作用;但当没有受到赏识时,又可能起消极作用,这时又表现为保健因素。工资是保健因素,但有时也能产生使职工满意的结果。赫茨伯格的双因素理论同马斯洛的需要层次论有相似之处。他提出的保健因素相当于马斯洛提出的生理需要、安全需要、感情需要等较低级的需要;激励因素则相当于受人尊敬的需要、自我实现的需要等较高级的需要。当然,他们的具体分析和解释
6、是不同的。但是,这两种理论都没有把“个人需要的满足”同“组织目标的达到” 这两点联系起来。有些西方行为科学家对赫茨伯格的双因素理论的正确性表示怀疑。有人做了许多试验,也未能证实这个理论。赫茨怕格及其同事所做的试验,被有的行为科学家批评为是他们所采用方法本身的产物:人们总是把好的结果归结于自己的努力而把不好的结果归罪于客观条件或他人身上,问卷没有考虑这种一般的心理状态。另外,被调查对象的代表性也不够,事实上,不同职业和不同阶层的人,对激励因素和保健因素的反应是各不相同的。实践还证明,高度的工作满足不一定就产生高度的激励。许多行为科学家认为,不论是有关工作环境的因素或工作内容的因素,都可能产生激励
7、作用,而不仅是使职工感到满足,这取决于环境和职工心理方面的许多条件。但是,双因素理论促使企业管理人员注意工作内容方面因素的重要性,特别是它们同工作丰富化和工作满足的关系,因此是有积极意义的。赫茨伯格告诉我们,满足各种需要所引起的激励深度和效果是不一样的。物质需求的满足是必要的,没有它会导致不满,但是即使获得满足,它的作用往往是很有限的、不能持久的。要调动人的积极性,不仅要注意物质利益和工作条件等外部因素,更重要的是要注意工作的安排,量才录用,各得其所,注意对人进行精神鼓励,给予表扬和认可,注意给人以成长、发展、晋升的机会。随着温饱问题的解决,这种内在激励的重要性越来越明显。The wester
8、n classic encourages two of the theorieseses: The double factor of the He Ci elder brother of ones father space encourages theoriesEncourage a factor-health care factor the theories be Fu thunder in the American behavioral science house gram in Delhi. The He Ci elder brother of ones father space(Fre
9、drick Herzberg) puts forward come of, and then call a pair of factor theorieses. The He Ci elder brother of ones father space once acquired the Ph.D. degree of the soil academic degree and Pittsburgh university of the learn of New York municipal college, hereafter in the United States with more than
10、 30 other nation be engaged in management education and management to consult with a work, is the special grade management of the University of Utah professor. His main work have:Work of encourage a factor (1959, virtuous with elder brother of ones father Na. The Mo Si Na, Ba Ba pull. The Si Nai vir
11、tuous Man matches Zhao), work and human nature (1966), the choice of management: BE someone more effectively or more .(1976)The double factor theories is the achievement of his most, in the aspects of work enrich turn, he also carried on to found a sexual research. 20Century 5 O age last phase, the
12、He Ci elder brother of ones father space and his assistants carried on to investigate an interview to 200 engineers, accountant in the American Pittsburgh, region. Visit mainly around two problems: In the work, which items is to let them feel the satisfied, and estimate this kind of aggressive motio
13、n to continuously have another long time; Have again which items is to let them feel the dissatisfied, and estimate this kind of negative motion to continuously have another long time. The He Ci elder brother of ones father space with to these question answer for material, begin to study which affai
14、rs make people are in the work happiness with satisfy, which affairs result in displeased and dissatisfied foot. Result he discover and make the officers and workers feel to satisfiedly and all belong to a work or work contents; Make the officers and workers feel the dissatisfied, all belong to a wo
15、rk environment or work relation. He is called the former to encourage a factor and the latter is called a health care factor.The effect which cares a satisfy of factor to produce to the officers and workers is similar to at the health care to the function that the healthy body have. Health care the
16、cancellation does harm to healthy thing from the persons environment and it cant directly raise healthy level, but have the prevention paroxysm the effect; it isnt a treatment of, but prevention of. Care the factor includes a company policy and manages the work condition, wages, welfare.etc. of the
17、measure, direct, social interaction, material. When these factors worsen the level that people see fit to accept the following, the meeting creation is to the be dissatisfied with of work. But, when people think these factor very good, it is to remove dissatisfied, and will not cause aggressive atti
18、tude, this became a certain since isnt a satisfaction, again isnt a dissatisfied neutral appearance.Those can bring an aggressive attitude, satisfaction with encourage the factor of function to be called encourage a factor, this is those can satisfy personal ego carry out a demand of factor, include
19、: Achieve, appreciate, the work, augmentative work responsibility of challenge, and the opportunity of growth and development. If these factors had, can produce to largerly encourage to people. Set out from this meaning, the He Ci elder brother of ones father space thinks to traditionally encourage
20、an assumption, such as wages stimulate, the improvement of social interaction, provide a good work condition etc., will not produce to largely encourage; They can remove to be dissatisfied with, prevent from a creation problem, but these traditional encourage a factor seven attain the best degree an
21、d cant produce, either to actively encourage. According to the opinion of He Ci elder brother of ones father space, management authorities should know a health care factor is essential, however it once make dissatisfied after moderate, cant produce more aggressive effect. Only encourage a factor the
22、n can make people have better work result.The He Ci elder brother of ones father space and its colleague later and then to various profession and not the industrial organization of profession carried on many inquisitions, they detection, because of investigate object and conditional of dissimilarity
23、, belong of various factor is some differences, but total of to see, encourage a factor to basically and all belong to a work or work contents, care a factor is basic to all belong to work environment and work to relate to.But, the He Ci elder brother of ones father space notice, encourage factor an
24、d the all how many layer after layer phenomenon of the health care factor, if appreciate to belong to encourage a factor, basically rise positive effect; But while being not appreciate, may rise negative effect again, express again at this time for care a factor. The wages cares a factor, but can so
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