建筑学毕业设计过程材料—外文翻译—王宗佳.doc
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1、 (2013届)毕业设计文献翻译题 目:嘉兴市新城街道资产经营管理有限公司综 合楼工程建筑设计方案 姓名: 王 宗 佳 学 院: 建筑工程学院 专业: 建 筑 学 班级: 建筑082 学 号: 200851685212 指导教师: 王 德 海 导师学科: 高层建筑设计 导师职称: 讲 师 教务处制2011 年 11 月1 日 嘉兴学院外文文献翻译译文1外 文 题 目:SPACE EFFICIENCY IN HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDINGS 专业班级: 建筑082 学生姓名: 王宗佳 学号 200851685212 一、 外文原文SPACE EFFICIENCY IN HIG
2、H-RISE OFFICE BUILDINGSWriter: Ayin SEV and Aydan ZGENAbstract: High-rise office buildings, which are developed as a response to population growth, rapid urbanization and economic cycles, are indispensable for a metropolitan city development. This statement holds true for today; however, the relatio
3、nship between cost and benefit is more complex in todays global marketplace. The space efficiency, as well as the shape and geometry of the high-rise building need to satisfy the value and cost of the development equation. Space efficiency, which is determined by the size of the floor slab, dimensio
4、n of the structural elements and rationalized core, goes along with the financial benefit.Keywords: high-rise office building; space efficiency ; floor slab; gross floor area ;net floor area; structural system, core configuration.By the end of 1990s, at more than 30 stories, net to gross floor area
5、ratios of 70-75% were common in office buildings (Table 2) (Davis Langdon and Everest, 1997). However, Yeang (1995) stated in his book “The Skyscraper: Bioclimatic ally Considered” that net-to-gross floor area should not be less than 75%, while 80% to 85% is considered appropriate. Wherever the tall
6、 building is being constructed, achieving suitable space efficiency is not easy, since it is adversely affected by height as core and structural elements expand to satisfy the requirements of vertical circulation and resistance to lateral loads. Space efficiency can be increased by the lease span, w
7、hich is defined as the distance between the core and exterior wall. Factors affecting the design of high-rise buildings vary from country to country, such as local climate, zoning regulations, cultural conditions, technological opportunities, and etc. For instance, in Germany, where building codes d
8、ictate shallow floor slabs of 8.0 m, efficiencies of 60-70% are common, whereas Londons Canary Wharf Tower, can achieve a net to-gross ratio in excess of 80% with floor slabs of 2500 m2, and 11.0 m lease span. In this respect, when the high-rise office buildings of Turkey are investigated, conceivab
9、le space efficiency is not achieved when compared with the examples from the world. As Watts and et al. (2007) stated in their article that “fat is happy”, the highest office buildings of Turkey are happy, however, they are not so successful in respect to space efficiency. Therefore this research te
10、nds to compare and reveal the similarities and differences between the tallest office buildings at abroad and in Turkey in terms of space efficiency.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDINGSThe study is based on the ten tallest office buildings in the world and in Turkey individually, whi
11、ch are registered by Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH, 2008) in November 2008 and also recorded in E (2008) and SkyscraperP (2008), as shown in Table1. All of the sample buildings are landmarks of their cities, and also are designed by internationally expertise design consultants,
12、reflecting high quality practices in respect of efficient planning. The relevant building data are provided from the clients, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, as well as journals, books, magazines and Internet sources. The research is based on the architectural and structural design criter
13、ia affecting the space efficiency, such as floor slab size and layout, core integrity, gross and net floor areas, leasing depth, floor-to-floor and floor-to-ceiling height, and structural system.The sample buildings from the world are located in seven major cities, which are Taipei, Kuala Lumpur, Sh
14、anghai, Chicago, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. The height ranges of these buildings are between 367 m and 509 m, and the numbers of stories change from 69 to 114. The Empire State Building in New York, which is currently the ninth tallest office building of the world, is omitted, since it is co
15、nstructed 78 years ago. The paper tends to take contemporary examples into consideration due to the rapid changes in tall building design and construction technologies.The list of the tallest buildings of Turkey in E (2008) and SkyscraperP (2008) comprise a large number of residential towers, of whi
16、ch have been omitted from the list mentioned in this paper. Nine of ten selected examples of office buildings are located in İstanbul, whilethe remaining example, Mertim, is located in Mersin. Mertim, originally designed as an office building, is currently utilized as a hotel. The heights of these b
17、uildings vary between 122 m and 181 m, while the numbers of storeys change between 22 to 52, as shown in Table 1.Architectural and structural requirements are the basic decision making parameters in the design of high-rise office buildings, and dictate the floor slab size and shape, leasing depth, s
18、tructural frame, floor-to-floor height, vertical transportation and core layout. The related findings of the selected buildings from the world and Turkey are presented and discussed below.Floor Slab Size and ShapeAn office buildings floor slab size and shape, on which decisions are made according to
19、 the functional requirements, clients specific needs and various constraints, have great impact on the space efficiency and the buildings external character. Although there are no universal formulas for responding to the clients needs or to local influences and constraints such as climate, codes or
20、constructional conditions, the fundamental design considerations are identical almost in office buildings (Kohn and Katz, 2002; Strelitz, 2005). The first aim is to achieve the maximum space efficiency and in order to accomplish this task, initially the floor slab shape and total floor area of the b
21、uilding need to be designed.The space efficiency of a high-rise office building can be achieved by maximizing the Gross Floor Area (GFA) and Net (usable) Floor Area (NFA) as permitted on the local site by the codes and regulations, and in order to enable the developer and owner to get maximum return
22、s from the high cost of land, the floors must have sufficient functional space (Kim and Elnimeiri, 2004). In the initial stages of the design, the designer ascertains the extent of GFA and NFA in the proposed concept design, and these figures are used as the bases for core configuration and structur
23、al system. By the final decision, the NFA is sealed with the exact core area and the vertical structural elements. Net-to-gross floor area of a typical floor slab is of crucial economic interest to the developer, since it designates the space efficiency of the floors, at the same time as the more ef
24、ficient the typical floor slab is, the more usable area the developer gets and the more income is derived from the building.According to Yeang (1995; 2000), floor slab efficiency of a typical high-rise office building should generally not be less than 75%, unless the site is too small or too irregul
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