外墙外保温系统外文翻译.doc

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1、Exterior Insulation Finishing SystemExterior Insulation and Finishing System (EIFS) is a type of building exterior wall cladding system that provides exterior walls with an insulated finished surface and waterproofing in an integrated composite material system.Contents 1 Terminology 2 How EIFS is in

2、stalled 3 Composition and types of EIFS 4 History of EIFS 5 Legal issues 6 Marketing of EIFS and The EIFS Industry 7 EIFS Architectural Details 8 References TerminologyAlthough often called synthetic stucco, EIFS is not stucco. Traditional stucco, otherwise known as Portland Cement Plaster, is a cen

3、turies-old non-insulating material. Stucco consists of sand, Portland Cement, and water, and is a hard, dense, thick, non-insulating material. EIFS is a lightweight synthetic wall cladding that includes foam plastic insulation and thin synthetic coatings. There are also specialty stuccos that use sy

4、nthetic materials but no insulation, and these are also not EIFS either. A common example is what is called one-coat stucco, which is a thick, synthetic stucco applied in a single layer (traditional stucco is applied in 3 layers). There is also an EIFS-like product called a Direct-Applied Finish Sys

5、tem (or DAFS), which is essentially an EIFS but without the insulation, and has quite different characteristics.EIFS are proprietary systems of a particular EIFS producer and consist of specific components. EIFS are not generic products made from common separate materials. To function properly, EIFS

6、 needs to be architecturally designed and installed as a system.There are a number of versions of EIFS. The most basic and common EIFS is called a barrier EIFS (also known as a traditional or conventional EIFS). Another type is called an EIFS with Drainage, which is a barrier EIFS to which a water d

7、rainage capability has been added.A basic EIFS includes only the insulation and EIFS materials (coatings, adhesives, etc.). Other types of EIFS may also include plastic edge trim, water-resistive barriers, a drainage cavity, and other accessories. The technical definition of an EIFS does not include

8、 wall framing, sheathing, flashings, caulking, water barriers, windows, doors, and other wall components. However, as of recently, architects have begun specifying flashings, sealants, and wiring fasteners (such as Viperstrap) as being a part of the EIFS scope of work, essentially requiring EIFS con

9、tractors to carry out that work as well. The technical national consensus standard for the definition of an EIFS, as published by ASTM International organization, does not include flashing or sealants as part of the EIFS. Many of the EIFS manufacturers have their own standard details showing typical

10、 building conditions for window and door flashings, control joints, inside/outside corners, penetrations, and joints at dissimilar materials which should be followed for that manufacturers warranty. Most EIFS products are intended for use by qualified professional contractors and not the typical hom

11、e consumer.How EIFS is installedEIFS is typically attached to the outside face of exterior walls with an adhesive (cementitious or acrylic based) or mechanical fasteners. Adhesives are commonly used to attach EIFS to gypsum board, cement board, or concrete substrates. EIFS is attached with mechanica

12、l fasteners (specially designed for this application) when installed over sheet-good weather barriers such as are commonly used over wood sheathings. The supporting wall surface should be continuous (not open framing) and flat.Composition and types of EIFSEIFS consists of a number of layers that are

13、 installed in the following order. The most basic EIFS (a barrier EIFS) consists of 3 layers: A layer of foam plastic insulation (also called simply foam) that comes in the form of sheets . If an adhesive is used to attach the insulation, the adhesive is applied to the foam with a trowel. Most EIFS

14、use a type of insulation called Expanded Polystyrene, also known as EPS. EPS is 1lb. density Expanded Polystyrene, similar to the white foam that coffee cups are made of. The usual range of thickness for EIFS insulation is 3/4, although thicker pieces are sometimes used for decoration accents - call

15、ed foam shapes. A reinforced layer that is applied onto the face of the insulation with a trowel, consisting of a fiberglass reinforcing mesh ( or mesh) embedded in a cementitous adhesive. The mesh has an open weave, somewhat like window screening but with opening about 1/4 square. It is made of fib

16、erglass and can be cut with a utility knife. The mesh is available in various weights, the heaviness determines the impact strength of the surface (resistance to damage by being hit). The standard weight is 4oz, the high-impact mesh weight goes up to 15 or 20oz. This 2-part layer is called the Base

17、Coat. A final topcoat,or finish, which is a colored, textured paint-like material that is applied with a trowel or, very rarely, by spraying. A wide range of colors and textures are available as well as custom colors. Available textures include smooth surfaces, rough stucco-like textures, embedded s

18、tone chips, multi-color (granite-like mixtures,) and even brick-like treatments. This layer is called the finish. It is acquired by floating. If an EIFS with Drainage, or water-managed EIFS is installed, a water resistive barrier (aka a WRB) is first installed over the substrate (generally DensGlas

19、Gold, exterior-grade gypsum sheathing, OSB or plywood). The moisture barrier is applied to the entire wall surface with a mesh tape over joints and a liquid-applied membrane or a protective wrap like Tyvek or felt paper. Then a drainage cavity is created (usually by adding some sort of space between

20、 the foam and the WRB). Then the other 3 layers, described above, are added. This type of EIFS is required by many building codes areas on wood frame construction, and is intended to provide a path for incidental water that may get behind the EIFS with a safe route back to the outside. The purpose i

21、s to preclude water from damaging the supporting wall.Adhesives and Finishes are water-based, and thus must be installed at temperatures well above freezing. Two types of Adhesives are used with EIFS: those that contain Portland Cement (cementitious), or do not have any Portland Cement (cementless).

22、 Adhesives that contain Portland Cement harden by the chemical reaction of the cement with water. Adhesives and Finishes that are cementless harden by the evaporation of water - like house paint. Adhesives come in two forms. The most common is in a plastic pail as a paste, to which Portland Cement i

23、s added. Adhesives are also available as dry powders in sacks, to which water is added. Finishes come in a plastic pail, ready to use, like paint. EIFS insulation comes in individual pieces, usually 2 x 4, in large bags. The pieces are trimmed to fit the wall at the construction site.History of EIFS

24、EIFS was developed in Europe after World War II and was initially used to retrofit solid masonry walls. EIFS started to be used in North America in the 1960s, and became very popular in the mid- 1970s due to the oil embargo and the resultant surge in interest in high energy efficiency wall systems (

25、such as EIFS provides). The use of EIFS over stud-and-sheathing framing (instead of over solid walls) is a North American technique. EIFS is now used all over North America, and also in many other areas around the world, especially in Europe and the Pacific Rim.In North America, EIFS was initially u

26、sed almost exclusively on commercial buildings. As the market grew, prices dropped to the point where its use became widespread on normal single family homes.In the late 1980s problems started developing due to water leakage in EIFS-clad homes. This created a national controversy and numerous lawsui

27、ts. While not inherently more prone to water penetration than other exterior finishes, critics argue that barrier-type EIFS systems (non-water-managed systems) do not allow water that may penetrate the building envelope to escape. The EIFS industry has consistently maintained that the EIFS itself wa

28、s not leaking, but rather poor craftsmanship and bad architectural detailing at the perimeter of the EIFS was what was causing the problems. The building codes reacted by mandating EIFS with Drainage on wood frame building and additional on-site inspection. Most homeowner insurance policies cover EI

29、FS and EIFS-like systems.Insurance companies like FM Global may not provide fire insurance coverage to clients who install EIFS exterior building systems, due to the lack of adequate fire-resistance inherent in the materials. Also, some facility owners have found that EIFS systems that are installed

30、 at lower building levels are subject to vandalism as the material is soft and can be chipped or carved resulting in significant damage.Legal issuesEIFS systems have been the subject of several lawsuits, mostly related to the installation process and failure of the system causing moisture buildups a

31、nd subsequent mold growth. The most notable case concerned the former San Martin, California courthouse. This case was settled for 12 million dollars. The basic underlying problem behind EIFS litigation was that EIFS was marketed as a cost-effective replacement for stucco. Stucco is expensive to ins

32、tall because it cracks over time. Stucco must be carefully applied by skilled craftsmen so that the cracks which will inevitably develop are subtle and not obvious. General contractors switched to EIFS because it was supposed to be easy to install with unskilled or semi-skilled labor and would not c

33、rack like traditional stucco. Although EIFS if properly installed according to the manufacturers directions should not have water intrusion problems, many GCs cut corners by using unqualified labor. In turn, thousands of EIFS installations were noncompliant and suffered severe water intrusion and mo

34、ld as a result. While the EIFS industry has consistently tried to shift the blame to GCs, the construction industry has retorted that using professional unionized journeymen carpenters in turn eliminates the cost advantage of EIFS over stucco, and that the EIFS industry should have anticipated this

35、issue and engineered its products from the beginning to be installed by unskilled labor or semi-skilled labor (that is, it should have been a fault-tolerant design). 外墙外保温系统外墙外保温系统(EIFS)是一种建筑外观幕墙系统,提供外墙的保温与表面防水于一体的综合性复合材料体系。内容：1.术语2.外墙外保温系统如何安装3.外墙外保温系统组成和类型4.外墙外保温系统的历史5.法律问题6.外墙外保温系统市场和行业7.建筑细节8.参考

36、文献术语尽管通常被叫做“合成灰泥”,外墙外保温系统不是灰泥。传统的水泥墙,或者叫做普通硅酸盐水泥,是一种历史悠久的非绝热石膏材料。灰泥是由砂、普通硅酸盐水泥、水,而且是一种坚硬、致密、厚实的非隔热材料。外墙外保温系统是一个轻量级的合成幕墙玻璃,包括发泡塑胶隔热和薄合成涂料。也有专业灰泥使用合成材料,但没有绝热性,而这些也不是外墙外保温系统中的一种。一个例子是所谓的厚重单层灰泥,合成应用于单层灰泥（传统粉刷应用于三层)。也有一个外墙外保温相似产品称为直接使用完成系统(或DAFS),这是一种主要用在外墙外保温,但却没有绝热性，具有相当不同的特征。外墙外保温系统是一个特殊的专有系统,外墙外保温生产商

37、和包括的具体内容。外墙外保温系统不是由常见隔离材料制造而成。为了正常功能,需要外墙外保温系统的建筑设计和安装作为一种制度。现实中有相当数量种类的外墙外保温系统。外墙外保温系统中最基本、最常见的是称为幕墙外墙外保温系统(也就是众所周知的传统的外墙外保温系统)。另一种类型是所谓的排水外墙外保温系统,这是一种增加排水能力的幕墙外墙外保温系统。一个基本的外墙外保温系统仅包括外墙外保温层和保温材料(涂料、胶粘剂等)。其他类型的外墙外保温系统也可以包括塑料边缘内饰,水阻性障碍,一种排水腔、和其它附件。对外墙外墙外保温系统的技术定义不包括墙的框架,防水板框架、模板、嵌缝、水障碍、窗、门、墙的部件。然而,最近

38、,建筑师们开始指定防水板、密封剂、电线紧固件，说成是部分的外墙外保温系统中工作的范围,本质上要求外墙承包商来实现它的作品。标准的技术国家都达成了共识-外墙外保温系统的定义,公布ASTM国际组织,不包括闪烁或封闭的一部分,外墙外保温系统。许多的外墙外保温系统制造商都有自己的标准的典型建筑条件的细节显示窗、门、控制关节,防水板内/外角球,穿透、关节等不同材料,应遵循为制造商提供担保。大多数外墙外保温系统中适用于专业承包商和普通家庭消费。外墙外保温如何安装外墙外保温系统通常是连接到外面的墙的外部(胶凝或丙烯酸胶为基础)或机械紧固件。通常是用来附上胶粘剂,石膏板,水泥外墙外保温板,或混凝土基质。外墙外

39、保温系统中附带机械紧固件(专为这个应用程序)当安装过天气壁垒等常用比木器。支持墙表面应连续(不是“开放框架”),而是平的。外墙外保温系统的组成和类型外墙外保温系统中包含了大量的层次,分别装在下面的秩序。最基本的外墙外保温系统(一个幕墙的外墙外保温系统中)由三层:一层泡沫塑料保温材料(也简称“泡沫”)的形式来表。如果一个胶是用来连接绝缘保温材料, 应用于胶粘剂用抹子泡沫。大多数外墙外保温系统中使用了一种新型绝热材料称为膨胀聚苯乙烯塑料,也被称为EPS。EPS板是1磅密度膨胀聚苯乙烯塑料,类似于白色泡沫,咖啡杯组成。通常的范围的厚度为外墙外保温的3 / 4,虽然较厚的块是有时用于装饰称为泡沫形状。

40、这是一个增强层应用于表面的绝缘性能,组成的一个玻璃纤维加固网格(或“网状”)嵌套在胶粘剂。有开放网格织窗纱,有点像,但随着开放的约1 / 4的是在玻璃纤维,可减少用一个实用的小刀。网格是可在各种各样的权重,确定了“忧愁”冲击强度的表面(抗伤害被“击中”)。这是4盎司标准体重,体重达到网格多达15或20盎司。这第二层层被称为基地的外套。最后的饰面,这是一种颜色或纹理油漆类材料，是采用涂抹或非常少见的喷洒技术。一个广泛的颜色和纹理都可用以定制的颜色。光滑的表面,包括可贴图纹理,“粗糙”灰泥状嵌入式石片,复色(花岗岩类),甚至砖类混合物,治疗方法。这层被称为饰面层。它是后天获得的。如果一个外墙外保温

41、系统和引流,或谁管理外墙外保温系统中安装,一碗水电阻性障碍(又叫做)是第一次安装了一些很有用的基质(一般金、石膏罩、OSB或是胶合板)。引文需要防潮是应用到整个墙面,网在关节和一个液体营养带膜保护包好特卫强或感受到的纸。然后创建一种排水腔(通常是通过增加某种之间的空间泡沫和一些很有用的)。然后另一个3层,如上所述,是补充说。这种类型的外墙外保温系统必须由许多建筑规范地区是木结构建筑,旨在提供路径可能赶不上附带水了外墙外保温系统用安全的路线回到外面了。目的是为了阻止水损害支持墙。是由水基胶粘剂完成的,所以必须要被安装在温度高于冻结。两种类型的胶粘剂采用外墙:即富含硅酸盐水泥(“胶凝”),或没有任

42、何普通硅酸盐水泥。胶粘剂含有硅酸盐水泥硬化之化学反应的水泥与水。胶粘剂的完成,涨停由水的蒸发现象就像房子油漆。胶粘剂进来两种形式。最常用的是在一个塑胶水桶作为胶,普通硅酸盐水泥,是补充。也可作为干燥型胶粘剂的粉末在麻袋,水是补充。在一个塑胶桶来完成,准备使用,如油漆。外墙外保温是在个别的碎片,通常在大袋。修剪到合适的零件都是在城墙建筑工地。外墙外保温的历史外墙外保温是发展在欧洲的第二次世界大战之后,最初用于改造固体砌体墙。20世纪60年代,并成在北美的为很受欢迎，1970年代中期由于石油禁运的激增和合成高能源效益的兴趣(如外墙外保温墙体系统提供)。在螺柱-和-护套，北美外墙外保温系统的使用框架

43、(而不是在坚实的墙)是一种技术。如今全北美用外墙外保温技术,并在世界各地的其他许多地区,特别是在欧洲和太平洋边缘地区应用较多。在北美,外墙外保温系统最初使用几乎只在商业建筑。随着市场的成长,价格已跌落到一个点,这个点上它的使用变得流行。(独立家庭住宅正常适用需要在上个世纪80年代后期开始发展问题在外墙外保温包层水渗入导致家庭损失。这创造了一个全国性的争论和无数的诉讼。而不是本性更容易受到水的穿透比其他外部完后,批评者认为,幕墙型非水管理外墙外保温体系(系统)不允许水可能穿透围护结构逃跑了。始终保持了外墙外保温系统,产业本身并没有漏了外墙外保温系统,而是可怜的技艺和坏的建筑艺术在周边的外墙外保温

44、系统是是什么造成了这种问题。这个建筑规范的反应是必修课程的外墙外保温系统与同层排水实木框架建筑和额外的实地考察。大多数业主保险覆盖和外墙外保温系统。保险公司可能不提供像FM全球范围内的客户的火灾保险合同,外墙外保温表面构建系统的安装,由于缺乏足够的耐火固有的材料。另外,一些设备所有者已经发现,外墙外保温系统,安装在水平较低的建筑受到破坏公共财产的行为,作为该材料是软的,并可以脱落或雕刻导致造成重大的伤害。法律问题外墙外保温系统问题的几个诉讼案件,主要涉及整个安装程序和失败的系统造成水分及随后的模具的增长。最著名的案例有关这位前圣马丁,加州的地图。这种情况下解决了1200万美元。背后的基本的潜在

45、问题是,外墙外保温外墙诉讼是当做一种低成本替代品粉刷。灰泥是昂贵的安装,因为它裂缝。粉刷必须小心翼翼地应用由熟练的工匠,使裂缝将不可避免地发展是细微的,不明显。切换到外墙外保温系统总承包,因为它被认为是易于安装和非技术或半技术性劳力和不喜欢传统的水泥墙裂纹。如果正确安装虽然外墙外保温系统根据厂商的说明应该不会有水入侵问题,许多GCs抄近路利用不合格的劳动。反过来,成千上万的外墙外保温设施被和遭受了严重的水入侵和模具的结果。当了外墙外保温系统行业一直试图把责任推给盖城的增强,是建筑行业工会反驳道使用专业木匠反过来消除的成本优势的外墙外保温系统在粉刷,外墙外保温系统行业应该料到这一问题及工程产品从一开始就按装非技术劳工或半技术性劳动力(也就是,它应该是一个容错设计)。