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1、外文翻译Feminist Consciousness After the Womens MovementBarbara Epstein There is no longer an organized feminist movement in the United States that influences the lives and actions of millions of women and engages their political support. There are many organizations, ranging from the National Organizat

2、ion for Women to womens caucuses in labor unions and professional groups, which fight for womens rights, and there are many more organizations, many of them including men as well as women, whose priorities include womens issues. But the mass womens movement of the late sixties, seventies, and early

3、eighties no longer exists. Few, among the many women who regard themselves as feminists, have anything to do with feminist organizations other than reading about them in the newspapers. Young women who are drawn to political activism do not, for the most part, join womens groups. They are much more

4、likely to join anti corporate, anti globalization, or social justice groups. These young women are likely to regard themselves as feminists, and in the groups that they join a feminist perspective is likely to affect the way in which issues are defined and addressed. But this is not the same thing a

5、s a mass movement of women for gender equality. A similar dynamic has taken place in other circles as well. There are now very large numbers of women who identify with feminism, or, if they are reluctant to adopt that label, nevertheless expect to be treated as the equals of men. And there are large

6、 numbers of men who support this view.The extent of feminist or proto-feminist consciousness, by which I mean an awareness of the inequality of women and a determination to resist it, that now exists in the United States, is an accomplishment of the womens movement. But it is also something of an an

7、omaly, since it is no longer linked to the movement that produced it. When the first wave of the womens movement in the United States went into decline, after woman suffrage was won in 1921, feminism went into decline with it. By the 1950s, feminism had almost entirely disappeared, not only as an or

8、ganized movement, but also as an ideology and a political and social sensibility. Even in the early sixties, in the New Left, to describe oneself as a feminist was to invite raised eyebrows and probably more extreme reactions. Now, for a second time in U.S. history, the memory of a movement that eng

9、ages the energy of very large numbers of women is receding into the past. But this time feminist consciousness has if anything become more widespread. This raises the question: what accounts for this difference? How and what does feminism change when it becomes a cultural current rather than a movem

10、ent for social change?In part this different history may have to do with the disparities between the first and second waves of feminism. The first wave of feminism began, in the 1840s, as a demand for womens equality generally. The womens movement emerged out of the abolitionist movement, and at fir

11、st feminism was part of an egalitarian worldview, closely connected to antislavery and antiracism. But in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and to an even greater degree over the first two decades of the twentieth, mainstream feminism narrowed to the demand for woman suffrage. Leading femin

12、ists, mostly middle- and upper-middle-class, native-born white women, even made racist and anti-immigrant arguments for woman suffrage. Though the womens movement also included working-class women, many of them are socialists, for whom feminism remained a part of a broader commitment to social equal

13、ity, by the second decade of the twentieth century, radicalism was a minor current within the womens movement. Emma Goldman, who combined determination to resist the oppression of women with anticapitalist politics, was not typical of feminists of the first two decades of the century. For most femin

14、ists, and for the public, feminism had come to mean the vote for women and little more. Once suffrage was won, feminism lost its raison detre and so had little future either as a movement or as consciousness.The second wave of the womens movement turned out differently. It did not narrow ideological

15、ly, nor did it run into any dead end, as its predecessor had. If anything over time the radical currents within the movement gained influence; women who had entered the movement thinking that womens equality would not require major social changes tended to become convinced that gender inequality was

16、 linked to other dimensions of inequality, especially class and race. The womens movement declined, in the eighties and nineties, mostly because the constituency on which it had been largely based, young, mostly white, middle-class women, gradually put political activity behind them. These women wer

17、e beneficiaries of, what John Kenneth Galbraith has called, the “culture of contentment” of the eighties and nineties.They benefited, along with the rest of the class, from the prosperity of the time; they also benefited from affirmative action. Even as they left political activity, few feminists th

18、ought that the aims of the womens movement had been accomplished. Many thought that they could continue to work towards these aims in the arenas, mostly professional, that they were entering. Feminist consciousness was sustained in part, no doubt, because it was widely understood that its aims had n

19、ot been achieved, and because many women who left the movement remained committed to its goals.This in itself would not have led to the widespread acceptance of feminism that has taken place over the last twenty years. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, some commentators have argued that the i

20、nequality of women in the Arab world is a sign of the deep cultural gap involved: to reject feminism is to reject modernity and the West. For instance, Laura Bush, speaking on the weekly presidential radio address, on November 17, 2001, supported the Bush administrations attack on Afghanistan on gro

21、unds of the denial of womens rights by the Taliban. In the sixties, probably even in the seventies, such an argument would have been unthinkable. Many feminists, especially radical feminists, thought that their challenge to male supremacy was also a challenge to the existing social order. Many, who

22、regarded themselves as guardians of that social order, agreed. How has feminism become an accepted part of modern, Western society rather than an enemy of it?.The emergence of the second wave of feminism in the United States, was connected to a transformation of the economy that was drawing women in

23、to the labor force on a permanent basis. Before the Second World War few women worked outside the home after marrying and having children; most of the few who did were blacks or immigrants. The middle class set the cultural standard: marriage meant domesticity for women. Working-class people, includ

24、ing immigrant groups, strove to attain this idea. Even the depression of the 1930s did not put much of a dent in it; many women supported their families after their husbands lost their jobs, but often by taking work into the home. During the Second World War many women worked outside the home, but t

25、hat was understood as a temporary, wartime necessity, and most women who worked in industrFor women, working for wages outside the home has become the norm. This, in combination with feminist pressure for greater gender equality on all levels of society, has transformed the lives of U.S. women as we

26、ll as the very structure of U.S. society. The feminist goal of gender equality has not been achieved; not only do women still earn less than men, but in the ranks of the poor, single women and their children have come to predominate. The prejudices that discourage women from entering traditionally m

27、ale fields remain and violence against women persists. Though the nuclear family of the forties and fifties was based on male supremacy, the increasing instability of family life has hardly been a blessing for women. But womens equality has become a publicly accepted principle. Glaring deviations fr

28、om this principle are open to challenge, and very large numbers of women are ready to make such challenges when necessary. This in itself is an enormous and transforming advance.So, over the last two decades feminist consciousness has spread even as the organized womens movement has contracted. This

29、 is partly because of the increasing numbers of women in the labor force, and in other areas of public life, who, in talking to each other and giving each other support, spread and redefined feminism, even if they do not call themselves feminists or use the word. It was possible for the first wave o

30、f feminism to disappear because the womens movement that it was associated with had come to an end without the majority of American women having gained access to arenas outside the home. The fact that women are now in the labor force and the public arena to stay makes it hard to imagine that feminis

31、m and what it stands for could disappear again. This is a measure of progress. Probably feminism will continue to be a major political current in the United States, though perhaps not based in any movement, and in that sense a cultural as well as a political phenomenon.Over the last two decades othe

32、r movements have followed the same trajectory as the womens movement. The environmental movement is a clear case: once consisting of large numbers of people engaged in political activity, it now consists on the one hand of a series of staff-driven organizations, and on the other, of a large sector o

33、f people who consider themselves environmentalist, or who have an environmental consciousness, but who take action on environmental issues largely in individual ways, such as in their shopping habits and in recycling. A similar argument could be made about the African-American movement, whose organi

34、zations have shriveled while militant forms of racial and ethnic consciousness have expanded, at least culturally, among young people. To some degree this expansion of various forms of consciousness going way beyond the borders of the movements in which they first emerged shows the lasting influence

35、 of those movements. But it also has to do with what appears to be the decline of political and protest movements, and the difficulty of finding compelling forms of political engagement. The tendency of the political to collapse into the cultural, even as it connotes a measure of triumph, weakens th

36、e left.Source: Barbara Epstein (1995). Feminist Consciousness After the Womens Movementhttp:/monthlyreview.org/2002/09/01/feminist-consciousness-after-the-womens-movement妇女运动后的女性意识芭芭拉爱泼斯坦 在美国,影响数以百万计的妇女的生活及行动以及给予他们政治支持的有组织的女权运动将不复存在。在美国有许多组织,包括从全国妇女组织到女性工会党团会议和专业团体,它们为妇女争取权利,并且有更多的机构,其中许多包括男人和女人,其重点

37、是解决妇女问题。但是在六十年代末，七十年代和八十年代初，群众性的妇女运动不再存在。大部分许多认为自己是女权主义者的女性,总是积极地参与女权主义组织而不是仅仅在在报纸阅读与他们相关的报道。在大多数情况下，被吸引到政治活动中的年轻女人都不愿加入妇女团体。他们更倾向于加入反企业,反全球化,或者社会公正团体。这些年轻的妇女很可能认为自己是女权主义者,她们加入团体的女性主义的视角可能会影响他们定义和解决问题的方式。但这不同于一个群众性的男女平等的运动。一个类似的运动也同时在其他圈子发生。现在有大量的女性认同女权主义,然而,即使他们不愿意贴上此标签,她们也期望享受和男性平等的权利。许多的男性也支持这一观点

38、。女权主义或原初女权主的意识的发展程度,我的意思是现在存在于美国的女性不平等意识的觉醒和抵制它的决心,是妇女运动的一种成就。但它也是异常的,因为它不再与产生它的运动有联系。当美国的第一波妇女运动在1921年妇女选举权是赢得胜利后进入衰退期,女权主义走向衰落。到了1950年代,女性主义已经几乎完全消失,不仅作为一个有组织的运动,而且也作为一种意识形态和政治和社会情感。即使在六十年代初的新左派,把自己当作一个女权主义会使人怀疑并可能引起更极端的反应。现在,记忆中美国历史上第二次女性主义运动的衰退,是从事许多女性权利的运动后退到了过去。但这一次女权主义意识反而已经变得更加普遍。这就提出了一个问题:是

39、什么导致了这种差异?当女权主义成为一个文化潮流而不是一个社会变革运动，到底是什么导致了女性主义这样的变化? 这部分不同的历史可能与的第一和第二波女权主义的差距有一定的关系。发生在19世纪四十年代的第一波女权主义普遍地要求妇女平等。妇女运动源自于废奴运动,并且第一次女权主义是作为一种平等主义的世界观而出现,并且与反种族主义反对奴隶制度和反对种族主义密切联系。但在十九世纪最后十年,甚至更大的程度地到了20世纪前两个十年,主流女权主义缩小到对妇女投票权的需求。主要的女权主义者,大多是中产阶级和上层中产阶级,土生土长的白人女性,甚至为了妇女选举权发表反种族主义和反移民的言论。虽然妇女运动还包括工人阶级

40、的女人,其中很多都是社会主义者,对他们来说,女权主义仍然是一个更广泛的对社会平等承诺的一部分,由二十世纪的第二个十年,激进主义是妇女运动中的一个小趋势。艾玛戈尔德曼,一个决心抵制反对资本主义对妇女的政治压迫的人,并不是的本世纪头二十年的女权主义者的典型。对于大多数女权主义者和公众,女权主义越来越意味着妇女的选举权。所以 一旦获得了选举权，女权主义便失去了其存在的理由，无论是作为一个运动或意识。 第二波女权运动则是不同的。它在上思想没有变得狭隘,也没有遇到任何的死胡同,正如其前身。久而久之，这种激进的潮流随时间的推移产生了影响;参与运动的女性认为，女性的平等不需要重大社会变化。这往往使性别不平等

41、与的其他不平等，特别是阶级和种族这种不平等是有关的这一说法变得可信。在80年代和90年代，妇女运动的衰退很大程度上是基于这些年轻的白人中产阶级妇女逐渐摆脱政治活动。加尔布雷斯称，这些女性都是80年代和90年代“文化的满足感”的受益者。在女性主义运动繁荣的时候，他们连同其他阶级共同受益;同时，他们也得益于扶持行动。即使他们离开政治活动，很少有女权主义者认为妇女运动的目标已经完成。许多人认为他们可以继续工作,这些目标在竞技场,主要是专业的,他们进入。许多进入这个领域的多是专业人士，他们认为自己可以在赛场继续努力实现这些目标。毫无疑问，女权意识在某种程度上还在持续，因为它被广泛地理解为它的目标还没有

42、实现，许多离开了妇女运动的妇女仍然致力于实现其目标。在过去的二十年，这本身并不会导致广泛的接受女权主义现象的发生。在9 .11恐怖袭击之后,一些评论员认为阿拉伯女性的不平等标志着一个世界文化鸿沟，即:拒绝女权主义就是拒绝现代化与西方世界。例如，劳拉布什总统在每周广播讲话中发言，2001年11月17日，支持布什政府的理由是因为塔利班否定妇女的权利。在六十年代，甚至可能在七十年代，这样的说法已经是不可想象的。许多女权主义者，尤其是激进的女权主义者，认为他们的挑战男权至上也是对现有的社会秩序的一种挑战。许多认为自己是社会秩序的守护者的人同意这种观点。女权主义如何成为现代西方社会接受的一部分，而不是它

43、的敌人？美国女权运动的第二次浪潮的出现与经济转型有关，它使得女性劳动拥有永久性的基础。第二次世界大战前很少有女性在结婚生孩子后外出工作;外出工作的其中大部分也是黑人或移民。中产阶级设置了一种文化标准，即:婚姻意味着女人的家庭生活。工薪阶层的人,包括移民群体,努力实现这个想法。即使是20世纪30年代的经济大萧条也没有对他造成很大影响,许多女性在他们的丈夫失去了工作后支撑自己的家庭,但经常是把工作带到家里。第二次世界大战期间,许多妇女在外面工作,但那被理解为一个临时的,战时的必要性,战争结束时，大多数的女工人失去工作。对于女性来说,为了赚钱在外面工作已经成为惯例。为了在社会各阶层获得更大的性别平等

44、，女权主义面临很大压力,这种状况改变了美国妇女的生活以及美国特有的社会结构。女权主义性别平等的目标尚未实现;不仅女性仍然比男性挣得少,但在贫困阶层的,单身女性和他们的孩子占支配地位。阻止妇女进入传统的男性领域的偏见依然存在，对妇女的暴力行为也依然存在。尽管四，五十年代的基本家族是基于男权至上,不稳定增长的家庭生活也对女性也几乎没什么好处。但女性的平等已经成为一个公开接受原则。明显的偏离这一原则是一种公开的挑战,在必要的时候，许多妇女准备做出这样的挑战。这本身就是一个巨大的推进转变。因此,在过去二十年的女性意识甚至作为一个有组织妇女运动扩散。这部分是由于妇女在劳动力方面和在其他的公共生活领域的增

45、长,她们相互交谈,互相给予支持,传播和重新定义女权主义,即使他们不自称为女权主义者或使用这个词。女权运动的第一次冲击很有可能会就此减弱并消失因为这次与其牵连的妇女运动在没有美国妇女主体即那些已经获得走出家庭去往职业竞争平台道路的美国女性的支持下已经走到了尽头。妇女现在正成为重要劳动力这一事实以及她们处于的公共竞争场上为各自去留而进行的角逐让女权运动及其立足点的再次消失变得难以想象。这是一个衡量其发展深度的方法。很有可能女权运动将会成为美国政治上的一个主流，虽然它并不像任何一个其他的运动那样，但在这层意义上，它却更像是一个文化以及政治上的奇迹。在过去的二十年里其他运动和妇女运动一样都遵循同样的轨

46、迹。环保运动是一个明显的例子:一旦由大量从事政治活动的人组成，一方面它包含了一系列以员工为导向的组织,另一方面，大部门人认为自己是环保主义者，或有环保意识，但是他们在环境问题行动上，主要采取个别的方式，比如他们的购物习惯和回收习惯。一个类似的论点可以对非裔美国人的运动进行阐述,他的组织已经是无能为力的，然而激进形式的种族和民族意识扩大,至少从年轻人的文化角度上是这样的。他们在第一次出现的各种形式的超越国界的意识方式的这种扩张下，一定程度上显示了这些运动的持久影响。但它同时似乎与政治和抗议运动的衰落有关,并且很难找到令人信服的政治参与形式。正如从政治到文化的衰退倾向,它意味着一种对胜利的测量,削弱它然后离开。外文来源：Barbara Epstein (1995). Feminist Consciousness After the Womens Movementhttp:/monthlyreview.org/2002/09/01/feminist-consciousness-after-the-womens-movement