中国文化导读2.ppt

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1、中国文化概况,主讲教师:朱丽明,Chinese Idioms or Allusions,一日三秋：One day out of sight seems like three years far apart.一鼓作气：Press on without letup.业精于勤：Diligence makes a master,Qin Dynasty秦朝(221B.C.206B.C.),Qin Dynasty is the first centralized,unified and multi-national feudal autocratic(封建专制)dynasty in the history

2、 of China.Ying Zheng(赢政)proclaimed himself the First Emperor（始皇）,Great Contributions of Ying Zheng,He established the centralized autocratic political system and introduced the prefecture and county system(郡县制度).He standardized the land system,weight and measures,currency,and the written language.He

3、 ordered that the width of the cart track,the styles of clothing and calendar should be uniform.,Great Contributions of Ying Zheng,He carried out vast construction works like the Great Wall,which linked up the defense walls of the previous Qin,Zhao and Yan states and stretched as long as more than 5

4、000 kilometers.,Wrong-doings of Ying Zhen,Ying zhen lived a luxurious life.In order to live longer and keep young,he summoned people to seek elixir(长生不老药)at an enormous expense.He went on construction works on a large scale,and imposed severe laws to suppress the revolt(叛乱)of the people.Under his ru

5、thless and cruel rule,people led a bitter life.The disaster known as“Burning books and burying intellectuals in pits”(焚书坑儒)devastated the Chinese culture for generations.,Han Dynasty 汉朝（206B.C.A.D.220）,The Han Dynasty was established by Liu Bang,with its capital at Chanan(长安)，now Xian.It is divided

6、into two periods:Western Han Dynasty,and Eastern Han Dynasty.,Emperor Wu-Liu Che,Liu Che adopted Dong Zhongshus suggestion of“paying supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning all other schools of thought”(罢黜百家，独尊儒术)and took the principles of Confucianism as the state philosophy and code of ethic

7、s for his empire.,Emperor Wu-Liu Che,Thanks to the effort he made for years,Liu Che expanded the territory of his empire to the area east and south of the Balkhash Lake.（巴尔喀什湖,Three Kingdoms三国(220-280),the three powers which arose in tripartite balance(三足鼎立)-Wei,Shu,Wu whose virtual founders are Cao

8、pi,Liubei and Sunquan.,Tang Dynasty 唐朝(618-907),The Tang Dynasty is regarded as the most glorious period in the Chinese civilization.It was at that time the largest and economically and culturally speaking,the most developed empire in the world.The two famous emperor in Tang Dynasty are Tangtaizong

9、Li shimin(李世民)and Tangxuanzong Li Longji（李隆基）,Tang Taizong-Lishimin,Lishimin learned an important lesson from the rapid fall of the once-powerful Sui Dynasty,and realized that“as water can float a boat,so can it upturn a ship”(水能载舟，亦能覆舟).He also pointed out that“a ruler should put his people before

10、himself”(为君之道必须先存百姓)。,Song Dynasty宋朝(960-1279),This was an important period of the merging of nationalities in Chinese history.Under the rule of the song regime,economy rapidly developed.The cities had developed as centers of trade,industry and maritime commerce.At that time a merchant class arose.T

11、he development of paper money and a unified tax system meant the development of a true nationwide market system.,Song Dynasty宋朝(960-1279),The Song period witnessed the unprecedented progress of science and technology,literature and art.The technique of blocking printing reached its maturity.The cult

12、ural representative of the Song Dynasty was Lixue(理学)，a Confucial school of idealist philosophy.Song Ci represented the highest glory of literature.,Yuan Dynasty 元朝(1206-1368),The founder of Yuan dynasty is Temuzin铁木真(also known as Genghis Khan成吉思汗)In Yuan Dynasty,China had the unprecedented vast do

13、main and was the most powerful country in the world.Its influence spread to Asia,Europe,and Africa.Forbidden City(紫禁城)was built in Yuan dynasty.,Yuan Dynasty 元朝(1206-1368),In Yuan Dynasty,the Han were discriminated against socially and politically.All the important central and regional posts were mo

14、nopolized by Mongols.,Ming Dynasty明朝(1368-1644),The dynasty is best know for its strong and complex central government,which unified and the controlled the empire.Officials were selected according to their performance in the Eight-legged Essay(八股文)for the civil service examination.,Ming Dynasty 明朝(1

15、368-1644),To control the highest officials at the court,zhu yuan zhang installed the so called Brocade Guards(锦衣卫)and employed Literary Inquision.（文字狱）Great achievements were also made in literature,science and technology,represented by works such as The Romance of the Three Kingdoms(三国演义)by Luo Gua

16、nzhong,Outlaws of the Marsh（水浒传）by Shi Naian,Journey to the West（西游记）by Wuchengen,etc.,Qing Dynasty 清朝（1616-1911）,In Qing dynasty,though the Han were barred from the highest offices,the Han official predominated over Manchu officeholders outside the capital,except in military positions.They set up E

17、ight Banners(八旗)system in an attempt to avoid assimilation with the Han.Besides that,they also resorted to using the Literary Inquisition.(文字狱),Qing Dynasty 清朝（1616-1911）,At the earlier phase of the Qing Dynasty,China was socially and economically advanced,and was at the zenith(全盛)of power and prosp

18、erity during the reign of Emperor Kangxi(Aisin-Gioro Xuanye),Emperor Yongzheng(Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen 胤祯)and Emperor qianlong(Aisin-Gioro Hongli),Qing Dynasty 清朝（1616-1911）,During the 19th century,Qing control weakened.China suffered massive social strife（斗争），economic stagnation(停滞不前),explosive populat

19、ion growth,and western penetration and influence.,Qing Dynasty 清朝（1616-1911）,Internal problems and external conflicts led to the decay of a glorious empire from the unequal treaties.In 1840,the British government triggered the First Opium War and forced Qing Court into signing the unequal Treaty of

20、Nanjing.(南京条约)The Opium War（鸦片战争）was a turning point in Chinese history,which marked the Modern Period of Chinese history.,Qing Dynasty 清朝（1616-1911）,After the start of the 20th century,the Qing Dynasty was in chaos.In 1911,the xinhai Revolution led by Sun Zhongshan overthrew the Qing Dynasty termin

21、ating the over 2000years of feudal monarchy and established the temporary government of the Republic of China,Aisin-Gioro Xuanye(康熙),Xuanye was only eight years old when he came to the throne.He reigned for 61years from A.D.1662 to 1722,the longest in Chinese history and made great contributions to

22、Chinese history.His reign title was Kangxi.Kangxi started a tradition of personal attendance to politics for emperors in the QingDynasty.,Yinzhen&Hongli,雍正皇帝,乾隆皇帝,牛刀小试,八卦 _华夏民族 _炎黄子孙 _封建专制 _水能载舟，亦能覆舟 _,牛刀小试,八卦 eight trigram华夏民族 Huaxia Nationality炎黄子孙 descendants of Yandi and Huang di封建专制 feudal autocratic水能载舟，亦能覆舟 as water can float a boat,so can it upturn a ship,