Culture and Nonverbal Communication.ppt

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1、跨文化交际,Unit 6 Culture and Nonverbal Communication,Those who know do not talk.Those who talk do not know.Keep your mouth closed.Guard your senses.Temper your sharpness.Simplify your problems.Mask your brightness.Be at one with the dust of the Earth.This is primal union.He who has achieved this state I

2、s unconcerned with friends and enemies,With good and harm,with honor and disgrace.This therefore is the highest state of man.,An idiom,There is language in her eyes,her cheeks,her lip,nay,her foot speaks.Shakespeare,Learning objectives:,1.to understand the significance of nonverbal communication 2.t

3、o perceive the definition of nonverbal communication3.to describe the functions of nonverbal communication4.to summarize the categories of nonverbal communication,What will happen?,QUESTION:What?,Every culture has rules about the CORRECT use of space.The proxemic(relating to the study of space)rules

4、 are unwritten and never taught-but they are very powerful a.She will ask them to sit somewhere else.b.She will stare at the space invaders defiantly,but she will not move.c.She will leave,saying nothing to the three people who invaded her personal space.,Flight,Flight is the most common response to

5、 spatial invasions,and only 2%of the invaded people in proxemics experiments ever say anything to those who invade their personal space.The invasion is stressful for the invaded,making an early departure is almost certain.,No gesture has the same meaning!,there is no international language of gestur

6、es.Instead,cultures have developed systems of unique gestures,and it is almost never possible for us to understand intuitively the gestures from another culture.,French gesture for I dont believe you,Who won the game of one-on-one basketball?,a.The man on the leftb.The man on the right,The man on th

7、e right,He seems confident,poised and modest-all qualities that suggest he is the winner of the game.,1.Nonverbal Communication,Nonverbal codes refer to communicative messages which are not in word form.More than 55%messages are communicated nonverbally!,We make important judgments and decisions con

8、cerning the internal states of othersstates they often express without words.,The Importance of Nonverbal Communication,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbal communication is also important because we use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states.,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbal communication is signif

9、icant in human interaction because it is usually responsible for first impressions.,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbal communication has value in human interaction because many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously.,黄淮学院外语系,Finally,nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercu

10、ltural communication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language.,黄淮学院外语系,Besides,nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.,This gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures,while it means zero in France,and mea

11、ns money in Japan.,黄淮学院外语系,Definition of Nonverbal CommunicationThe Functions of Nonverbal Communication,黄淮学院外语系,Definition and Functions of Nonverbal Communication,1.Definition of Nonverbal Communication,The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.,黄淮学院外语系,Definition:(1

12、),“Metacommunication(beyond the usual commmunication),paralinguistics,second-order messages,the silent language,and the hidden dimension of communication.”(Hall,1959),Definition:(2),Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source

13、 and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.(Samovar and Porter,2004),Definition in Chinese,非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。,Definition in Chinese,非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语

14、言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。,What may“body language”refer to?,Kinesics:our body language,gestures,Facial expressions,Eye contact,Body movements,Body positions,Space keeping/touch,2.Functions of Nonverbal Communication,RepeatingComplementingSubstitutingRegulatingContradicting,黄淮学院外语系,Why do we use bo

15、dy language?How does nonverbal help verbal?,a.Repeating,People use nonverbal communication to repeat,clarify,and empasize their point of view.For example,nod as saying yes.,黄淮学院外语系,b.Complementing,Nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message.For example,scratch head.,黄淮学院外语

16、系,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones in certain settings.There are situations in which words cannot be used.In a very noisy street,for example,police officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages.,c.Substituting,d.Regulating,Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal

17、 interactions by regulating them,such as turn-taking signals(hand raised)in conversations,黄淮学院外语系,e.Contradicting,Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words.,黄淮学院外语系,Nonverbal Communication and Culture,Learning about the alliance between culture and nonverbal behavior is useful to stude

18、nts of intercultural communication for a number of reasons:1.by understanding important cultural differences in this behavior,you will be able to gather clues about underlying attitudes and values.2.the study of nonverbal behaviors can assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.,黄淮学院外语系,Most class

19、ifications divide nonverbal messages into two comprehensive categories:Those that are primarily produced by the body(appearance,movements,facial expressions,eye contact,touch,smell,and paralanguage);And those that the individual combines with the setting(space,time,and silence).,黄淮学院外语系,Body Behavio

20、r,General Appearance and DressBody Movements:KinesicsPostureGesturesFacial expressionsEye Contact and GazeTouchSmellparalanguage,黄淮学院外语系,General Appearance and Dress,Although Western business dress has been widely adopted among other cultures,you may wish to learn cultural distinctions in appropriat

21、e business attire(服装).When visiting Saudi Arabia,for example,the Saudi might wear the traditional Arabic white flowing robe and headcloth.,The use of clothing and physical appearance to communicate is more obvious.Clothing can reflect cultural heritage.,黄淮学院外语系,Muslin girls usually wear scarves to c

22、over their heads,and in most instance,“girls are not allowed to participate in swimming classes because of the prohibitions against exposing their bodies.”Modesty is highly valued among Arabs.,黄淮学院外语系,Perhaps nowhere in the world is the merger between attire and a cultures value system more evident

23、than in Japan.“The proclivity(倾向,癖性)for conservative dress styles and colors emphasizes the nations collectivism and,concomitantly(同时地）,lessens the potential for social disharmony arising from nonconformist attire.”,黄淮学院外语系,American brides,黄淮学院外语系,Indian brides,黄淮学院外语系,Body Movement:kinesics(身势语行为),

24、The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics.It can send messages about:Our attitude toward the other person,Our emotional state,our desire to control our environment.,黄淮学院外语系,Posture,A man and a woman met on the train platform.Will the woman accept the mans greeting friendly?,黄淮学院外语系,S

25、he wont!,Man:“half smile”expression a relaxed position“snap”gesturebody orientationWoman:“frowning”expression“chin up”facial position“backing”postureLegs togetherFeet pointing inwards,黄淮学院外语系,You dont just“read”others body language;You observe,analyze and interpret before you decide the possible mea

26、ning!,Match the following descriptions with the behaviors:,The person is very relaxed,but he/she is ready to move at any time.The person is in deep thinking.He/she thinks that may be a good idea and is ready to move after the thinking.The person is very glad to see the other.Actually he/she thinks t

27、hat person is important.The person is very confident.He/she thinks he/she is more important than the other.The person has made up his/her mind.He/she is very angry,but tries to control him-/her-self.The person determines to control his/her feelings,trying to calm down.The person presents him-/her-se

28、lf as an important man.But he/she tries to be friendly to others.,D,E,A,F,C,G,B,Sitting or Standing?,In western countries,people who stand are more important than those who sit(unless there is a table between them),because the former could control the latter.,Bowing in Japan,In Japan,mutual bowing i

29、s largely determined by rank.“bowing contest”Bend slightly to ones rightBecoming automatic movement,e.g.bow when making phone call,Gestures can be emblems or regulators(ones face turns red with embarrassment).Gestures are used to add emphasisor clarity to an oral message.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercu

30、ltural Communication,Gestures,Gestures,Do you know what the following gestures means?,Number 1 is used together with the verbal message“Lets keep our fingers crossed”in the United States,England,and Sweden to mean that the person is hoping for good luck.But in Greece and Turkey it means the breaking

31、 of a friendship,and in parts of Italy it means“O.K.”.,Number 2 is normally used when talking privately about a third person,meaning that person is crazy,often in a joking way.,Number 3 indicates“I have no idea.”/“I dont know.”,The gesture in Picture 4 means that“I cant/didnt hear you.”,Number 5 mea

32、ns“Thats enough.Its all over for me.”,In Picture 6 the“thumbs down”sign indicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“no good”or“bad news”to Americans.,“Something is a bit suspicious/odd here.”,“Come here.”,Number 9 is widely used in the US to mean“Great,perfect,acceptable,O.K.”But is Belgium and Franc

33、e,it means“zero”;in Turkey,Brazil,Greece,and Malta,it has an obscene meaning;and in Tunisia,it is used as a threat.,Number 10 is used in Italy to say“Hello.”For Indonesians,Malaysians,and some speakers of Arabic,it signals“Come here.”,Number 11 means“Oh,I forgot.”or an expression of surprise.,The ge

34、sture in Number 12 means“Slow down,relax or wait a second.”,Number 13 is used to show that someone is a champion or a winner,usually in sports.This gesture caused a serious international misunderstanding in 1959.Nikita Khrushchev,the Soviet leader,was visiting the US and used this gesture,which mean

35、s friendship in Russia.American newspapers printed it on page one.And the American people understood it to mean the opposite:that the Soviet Union would defeat the US.,Picture 14 is one of the few gestures which seems to be used only in the US,and many people feel it is not as common as it once was.

36、This gesture is made by moving one index finger against the other.It is usually used with children.Or adults do it as a joke.It means“You did something bad;shame on you.”,Finger(1),In the United States,the index finger is used to point to objects and even at people.Germans point with the little fing

37、erJapanese point with the entire hand,palms upIn much of Asia,pointing with the index finger is considered rude,Finger(2),英语国家的人有不少手语，其一就是cross ones fingers或keep ones fingers crossed。Cross ones fingers.即把中指放在食指上，作有点像十字架的交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以cross ones fingers有祝福、祈求好运的意思，例如：I am crossing my fingers that

38、nothing untoward will happen to him.（我祈求不幸的事不会降临他身上）。Keep your fingers crossed for him.即为他祝福吧。留意cross your fingers是说的多，确实做这手势的少。,Finger(3),说到手指，不能不谈谈伸出中指这个下流手势，英文叫做give someone the finger，例如：The presidential candidate appeared quite unperturbed when a few in the audience gave him the finger.（听众席上有些人

39、向总统候选人伸出中指，但他若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gave him the finger改为gave him one-finger salutes（一只手指的敬礼）也无不可。,Thumb,此外还有thumbs up（拇指向上）、thumbs down（拇指向下）的手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说可以饶他性命；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说杀却。今天，thumbs up常用来表示嘉许或接受，thumbs down则表示不满或反对，例如：The authorities have given the thumbs up./thumbs down on our plan.（当局接受/否

40、决了我们的计划）。,Facial expression,Look at the following pictures,try to tell who is1.The most kind-hearted?2.The most artistic?3.The most smart?,Facial expression,HappinessSurpriseFearAngerSadnessDisgustContemptInterestBewildermentdetermination,IndifferenceDisrespectDisappointmentSuspectconcern,What messa

41、ges can we get from facial expressions?,Facial expression,About smile:America-intelligent Japanese acceptable under certain circumstances Korean rarely do“The man who smiles a lot is not a real man.”Thailand“the land of smiles”,Eye contact,If a white teacher reprimands a young black male,and the stu

42、dent responds by maintaining a downward glance,rather than looking directly at the teacher,what do you think the teacher may feel at his reaction?,Oculesics(目光接触)not only differs in countries but also in cultural background and depends on the communicational atmosphere.,Do you understand the common

43、black phrase“dont look at me in that tone of voice”?,Eye Contact and Gaze,“Thou tellst me there is murder in mine eye”“Your eyes said more to me that night than your lips would ever say”“Your lips tell me no,no,but theres yes,yes in your eyes.”direct,sensual,sardonic,expressive,intelligent,penetrati

44、ng,sad,cheerful,worldly,hard,trusting,suspicious,Eyes serve six important communication functions:1)indicate degrees of attentiveness,interest,and arousal;2)influence attitude change and persuasion;3)regulate interaction;4)communicate emotions;5)define power and status relationships;6)assume a centr

45、al role in impression management.,Touch,Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.In Thailand and Laos,it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul.It is believed that

46、 a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted.Even placing a hand on the back of an Asian workers chair is considered inappropriate.White Muslims hug another person around the shoulders,Korea young people do not touch the shoulders of their elde

47、rs.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Jourard sat in coffee shops in four different cities.Whenever he saw people touch,he recorded the touch.His records are as followed:Sainthorn(Porto Rico):180 Paris:102 Gynswere(Florida):2 London:0,Each culture has a well-defined system of meanings

48、for different forms of touching.Some generalizations can be made with regards to high-touch versus low-touch cultures.Americans,the English,Germans and Northern Europeans are said to belong to low-touch cultures,exhibiting very limited tactile contact in public.Hispanics(西班牙人),people of Eastern Euro

49、pean descents,Italians,the French,Arabs,and Jews are all said to belong to high-touch cultures.,Paralanguage,Three kinds of vocalization:vocal characterizers(laughing,crying,yelling,moaning,whining,belching,yawning);Vocal qualifiers(volume,pitch,rhythm,tempo,resonance,tone);Vocal segregates(“un-huh,

50、”“shh,”“uh,”“oooh,”“mmmh,”“humm”).,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Arabs speak very loudly because loudness for them connotes strength and sincerity.For Israelis,increased volume reflects strong beliefs toward the issue under discussion.For Thai people,a loud voice is perceived as be