表观遗传 PowerPoint Presentation.ppt
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1、表观遗传的生化机理及应用前景,曾胜 81050602 bio_,主要内容:,表观遗传简介表观遗传调控机制理论研究意义及前景实际应用前景,关键词:表观遗传 DNA甲基化 组蛋白修饰 肿瘤 衰老,Gregor Mendel(1822-1884),遗传学之父(The genetic factors),发现了遗传学基本规律(Published in 1865 and 1866 and“re-discovered”in 1900)。,遗传简史:,遗传简史:,Thomas Hunt Morgan(1866-1945),发现基因连锁互换定律(Published in 1915)。,Discovered th
2、e 3rd basic genetic law,together with Mendels two laws,they form the basis of what is now known as classical genetics.,遗传简史:,James Watson&Francis Crick,发现DNA双螺旋结构(Published in 1953),分子遗传学诞生。,中心法则(central dogma),碱基序列(基因)决定性状,序列改变,引起性状的改变。,BUT,“Some authors use the term“variation”in a technical sense,
3、as implying a odification directly due to the physical conditions of life;and“variations”in this sense are supposed not to be inherited;but who can say that the dwarfed condition of shells in the brackish waters of the Baltic,or dwarfed plants on Alpine summits,or the thicker fur of an animal from f
4、ar northwards,would not in some cases be inherited for at least a few generations(Darwin,1859)?”,Lamarck was the first man whose conclusions on the subject excited much attention.This justly celebrated naturalist first published his views in 1801.he first did the eminent service of arousing attentio
5、n to the probability of all changes in the organic,as well as in the inorganic world,being the result of law,and not of miraculous interposition.(Darwin,1861),从遗传学的角度来看,同卵双生的孪生子具有完全相同的基因组。如果这两个孪生子在同样的环境下成长,从逻辑上说,俩人的气质和体质应该非常相似。但研究者发现,一些孪生子的情况并不符合预期的理论。往往在长大成人后出现性格、健康方面的很大差异。这种反常现象长期困扰着遗传学家。现在科学家们发现。
6、可以在不影响DNA序列的情况下改变基因组的修饰这种改变不仅可以影响个体的发育,而且还可以遗传下去。,在“基因决定论”的背后隐藏着一个重要的长期以来争执不休的问题:环境的作用能否改变个体的遗传特性,并传递给下一代?这种被称为“拉马克学说”(Lamarckism)的观点一直被正统的生物学家拒之门外但现实的生命世界又一次次地把这个话题送到研究者的视线内。瑞典一个科学家小组曾在2002年11月发表了一项研究,他们的统计结果表明,对于生于1890-1920年的瑞典男人的孙辈而言,如果其祖父在青少年期间吃得很好,那么孙辈因糖尿病而死亡的概率就很高;如果其祖父是在饥饿中长大的那么孙辈死于心脏病的机会就很少。
7、也就是说,祖父辈的饮食状态影响到了孙辈的健康状态。从这个例子可以得到这样一种结论:个体在发育和生长过程中获得的环境影响被遗传给了后代。从这里可以引申出一个更根本的问题:什么决定基因。大自然(环境)如此丰富多彩、如此变化不停,很难想象,对于一个开放的复杂生命系统,不会打上它的烙印。也许这是一个“先有鸡还是先有蛋”的进化论问题,但不论怎样,基因不会代表一切,更不能决定一切,Jean-Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829),获得性遗传(Inheritance of acquired characteristics),Science 7 April 2000:Vol.288.no.54
8、63,p.38,Was Lamarck Just a Little Bit Right?Michael Balter Although Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is remembered mostly for the discredited theory that acquired traits can be passed down to offspring,new findings in the field of epigenetics,the study of changes in genetic expression that are not linked to al
9、terations in DNA sequences,are returning his name to the scientific literature.Although these new findings do not support Lamarcks overall concept,they raise the possibility that epimutations,as they are called,could play a role in evolution.,1942年,Waddington最早提出表观遗传学(epigentics)一词,认为是遗传学领域中探讨基因型与表现
10、型之间相互关系的一个新的研究方向。近年来,现代分子生物学认为细胞中信息的表达受两种因素控制:一种是遗传调控,另一种是表观遗传调控。2003 年10月正式宣布开始投资和实施人类表观基因组计划(HGP)。,表观遗传学(Epigenetics)?,Epigenetics refers to heritable alterations in gene expression that do not entail changes in nucleotide sequence.表观遗传学是指不需要核苷酸序列变异的基因表达的可遗传改变。,表观遗传变异是如何实现的?,Epigenetic effects can
11、 be complished by several self-reinforcing and interrelated covalent modifications on DNA and/or chromosomal proteins,such as DNA methylation and histone modifications,and by chromatin remodeling,such as repositioning of nucleosomes.These heritable modifications are collectively termed“epigenetic co
12、des”(reviewed in Richards and Elgin,2002).,表观遗传调控机制,DNA 甲基化 DNA methylation 组蛋白共价修饰 Covalent modifications in Histone染色体重塑 Chromatin remodeling非编码RNA调控基因表达重新编程,DNA 甲基化,DNA 甲基化是在DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferase,Dnmt)的作用下,以s一腺苷甲硫氨酸(sAM)为甲基供体,将甲基基团转移到胞嘧啶第5位碳原子上。甲基化的胞嘧啶多位于CpG岛上,CpG 岛是CpG集中的区域,约1 kb长,人类及哺乳
13、动物体内约90%发生在CpG 岛。启动子区域富含CpG序列,故易发生甲基化。DNA甲基化可以在转录水平抑制基因的表达。DNA甲基化(DNA methylation)是研究得最清楚、也是最重要的表观遗传修饰形式。,甲基转移酶,目前,有4种可能机制解释DNA 甲基化对转录的抑制:直接干扰特异转录因子和各种启动子识别位点的结合;甲基化的DNA结合转录抑制因子引起基因沉默;通过影响核小体的位置或与其染色体蛋白质相互作用而改变染色体的结构,介导转录抑制;eCP2(甲基化的CG序列结合蛋白)的C端的转录抑制区域(TRD)与Sin3A结合以及恢复组蛋白脱乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HD
14、AC)活性去修饰染色质,使基因转录失活,MeCP2的TRD还可以与TFB结合抑制转录。,Model for methylation-dependent gene silencing.The structural element of chromatin is the nucleosomal core,which consists of a 146-bp DNA sequence wrapped around core histones.Acetylation of the histones causes an open chromatin config-uration that is asso
15、ciated with transcriptional activity.Methylated cytosines are recognized by methyl-CpG-binding proteins(MBDs),which in turn recruit histone deacetylases(HDACs)to the site of methylation,convert-ing the chromatin into a closed structure that can no longer be accessed by the transcriptional machinery.
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