华大基因 测序技术基础原理.ppt
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1、测序技术基础,罗龙海2009-03-02,Sanger测序技术原理第二代测序技术原理第三代测序技术原理,1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010,测序技术发展史,Development of Sanger Sequencing(1977),Invention of Automated FluorescentSequencer(1985),Invention of CapillarySequencer(1996),Invention of Applied BiosystemsSolid System(2007),Invention of Illumina Genome
2、 Analyzer System(2006),Invention of 454 GS 20 Sequencer(2005),chemical degradation method by Maxam-Gilbert method(1977),Chemical degradation method by Whitfield(1954),Invention of Heliscope single molecular sequencer,Invention of Single molecule real time(SMRT)DNA sequencing,Invention of Nanopore si
3、ngle molecular sequencing(Oxford Nanopore corporation),Sanger 测序法原理,Dr.Fred Sanger,Illumina Genome AnalyzerABI SOLiDRoche 454,第二代测序技术,二代测序技术,2005,2006,2007,年份,原理,Pyrosequencing,边合成边测序,边连接边测序,454,Solexa,SOLID,Illumina SolexaABI SOLiDRoche 454,第二代测序技术,可逆阻断技术,Illumina Solexa Flowcell,Flowcell,一个 flowce
4、ll 包括8个lanes,Lane 1,Lane 8,Each lane contains multiple tiles total 100 每个lane上有许多个tiles共计100个(见上图)Each tile is imaged four times per cycle one image per base 每个循环会对每个tile照4次相每个碱基都会成像,Image from 1 tile,Illumina/GA Workflow 工作流程,*Grow Clusters*5 hours*Or split process in stages*Safe stopping points,*S
5、tart Sequencing*Cluster Density Evaluation*4 images per tile per cycle*Run time:2-3 days,*Firecrest:Image Analysis*Bustard:Basecalling*Gerald:Sequence Alignment,文库构建,Cluster 工作站,基因组测序,分析,*生成“簇”*5小时,*开始测序*序列簇的丰度检测*一个循环每个tile照4张照片*2-3天,*图像分析*Bustard:basecalling*Gerald:序列分析,?,样品预处理 PCR成簇 测序 拼接分析,5-6h 6
6、-8d,(纯化的基因组DNA),(基因组DNA小片段小于800bp),(具有5-磷酸末端的粘性片段),(去除未连接上的接头),(修饰末端),(),(基因组DNA文库),(纯化连接产物),(),(),(),(基因组DNA小片段),Genomic DNA,Fragment library,Mate-paired library,Create library of DNA fragmentsDNA片段的文库构建,Cluster Generation序列簇的产生,Prepare DNA fragments,Ligate adapters,Attach single molecules to surfa
7、ce,Amplify to form clusters,1000 molecules per 1 um cluster 20.000 clusters per tile32-40 million clusters per experiment(1个cluster上有1000个分子 1个tile上有20,000个cluster 每个实验可完成3.2-4千万个cluster),通过cluster将单分子放大、固定,OH,Cluster Generation:Amplification,1st cycle annealing(No.1循环:退火),diol,diol,Cluster Generati
8、on:Amplification,Blocking with ddNTP()(ddNTP阻断末端),Sequencing By Synthesis边合成边测序,1.Incorporation 结合2.Scan 扫描拍照3.Cleavage 清洗,SBS Cycle,First base incorporated 第一个碱基合成上,Cycle 1:Add sequencing reagents 加入合成所需反应物,Detect Signal 检测荧光信号,Cleave Terminator and Dye 去掉末端封闭,染色,Cycle 2-n:Add sequencing reagents a
9、nd repeat,Sequencing By Synthesis(SBS),?,Base Calling碱基识别,T T T T T T T G T,T G C T A C G A T,The identity of each base of a cluster is read off from sequential images,Paired End,Paired End 双末端测序、正反双向测序,Sample Preparation 样品前准备Cluster Generation 分子簇的生成Sequence By Synthesis 边合成边测序,(用于组装较大的Gene,一次最多读1
10、00bp),Sample Preparation,5,T,3,A,5,A,T,3,3,A,5,T,3,T,A,5,加双末端,Grafted FlowCells,Single ReadPeriodate Linearization,Paired EndUracil Specific Excision Reagent(USER)尿嘧啶特异性识别位点-P5formamidopyrimidine glycosylase(fpg)糖基化酶-P3,8oxoG-P7 U-P5,OH,OH,U,8oxo-G,?,OH,OH,Grafted flowcell,U,P7 P5,Cluster Generation
11、:Initial Extension,1st cycle annealing,Cluster Generation:Amplification 成簇,Cluster Amplification,25个循环,Sequencing 测序,Denaturation and HybridizationSBS3,Illumina Solexa,形成DNA簇;可逆阻断技术边合成边测序(SBS),40-50G/10天/一个RUN,读长:75bp(可双向),错误类型:替换,Illumina solexaABI SOLiDRoche 454,SOLID 测序技术,AB/SOLID Workflow 工作流程,文
12、库制备Emulsion PCRBeads Enrichment微珠沉积连接测序数据分析,文库制备Emulsion PCRBeads Enrichment微珠沉积连接测序数据分析,Work Flow:,序列可以用超声波、机械剪切或酶解等方法,随机或者定向的打断成小片段,(大片段两头测序),“Mate-paired”步骤:环化切割加接头测序,酶切为粘性末端,对于复杂的分子环化,采用低浓度的模板浓度进行连接,文库制备Emulsion PCR微珠富集微珠沉积连接测序数据分析,Work Flow:,2.Emulsion PCR,+,Templates,Enzyme+dNTPs,P1-coupled DN
13、A beads 100,000 P1 sites per beadStart with 2 Billion beads per emulsion,Polymerase,100,000 P1 位点/每个bead2 Billion beads/每个emulsion,Mix PCR aqueous phase into a water-in-oilemulsion and carry out emulsion PCR,Reactor with template,bead and PCR reagents,Mineral oil+surfactants,Beads collected followin
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