液压修井解决方案介绍.ppt

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1、1,2,Introduction to Hydraulic Workover Solutions 液压修井解决方案介绍,3,History of Hydraulic Workover液压修井的历史,Hydraulic Workover“HWO”is a well workover performed using a hydraulic workover(snubbing)unit to run and/or pull tubulars with or without surface pressure present on the wellhead.液压修井是一项对油气井进行的服务，在井口有压或

2、者无压的情况下用液压修井机（带压作业机）进行起下管柱。Hydraulic Workover Techniques in use since 1920s液压修井技术自从1920年就开始存在了。First Hydraulic Units developed in 1959第一套带压作业机开发于1959年。,4,Definition of Snubbing 带压作业的定义,Snubbing is the process of running and pulling tubing,drillpipe,or casing with surface pressure present on the well

3、head.带压作业是指在井口存在压力的情况下，起下油管，钻杆或者套管的作业过程。Snubbing also describes a force-balance condition(or the“pipe-light”condition)where an external force is required to prevent the workstring from being force out of the hole.带压作业也可以被描述成一种力平衡（或者叫轻管柱）的条件，就是需要外力的作用下防止管柱被顶出井眼。In some situations,Hydraulic Workover(H

4、WO)may also be used to trip tubulars into and out of wells with no existing or anticipated surface pressure.在另外一些情况下，液压修井服务也可以用于在井口无压力的情况下起下管柱。,5,Reasons for Utilizing HWO 选择液压修井的原因,When CT or Wireline is incapable of performing the task连续油管或者电缆作业因能力限制而无法完成的作业When reservoir damage is anticipated储层的伤

5、害无法预知When platform infrastructure is inadequate作业平台的辅助设施不充分Cost considerations 作业费用考虑HPHT/Critical Deviation-Emergency Work高压高温/斜度井-应急作业,6,Benefits of HWO Services液压修井的优势,Operations are completed while under pressure,well does not need to be killed.作业过程可以允许井口有压力，不必压井。Reduces Costs by eliminating nee

6、d for kill fluidsEliminates risk of damaging producing formation with kill fluids不需要压井液而减少作业费用消除了压井液对储层的伤害的危险Compact size,mobile,fast rig up/rig down小型化，移动性，快速装拆设备Reduces overall costs减少了总成本Well remains in production油气井依然可以生产Versatile-Rotational ability allows drilling/milling多用途-设备具有转盘，因此可以进行钻/磨作业,

7、7,Misconceptions for Using HWO Services 液压修井服务的误读,For“Last Ditch”effort on problem/critical wells in emergency situations.是疑难井紧急处理的最后防线 Can be used for all applications-routine or critical.所有情形下均可以启用液压修井服务-日常作业或者紧急情况 For only“live”well remedial services.液压修井仅针对井口有压力的井进行修井服务 Can be used on“live”or“de

8、ad”wells.对井口有压或者无压的井均可进行服务For only high pressure applications.仅对高压井进行液压修井服务。Can be used on low pressure applications as well.也可以被用作低压井的修井服务。Very expensive.非常昂贵 Can be a very cost effective tool.可以是一项非常性价比高的修井工具,8,Safety Considerations For HWO 液压修井安全因素的考虑,Thorough Pre-Job Planning 十分详细的作业前计划Required

9、Employee Training&PPE需要对作业人员进行培训和安全教育Perform Preventive Maintenance Service to Equipment 对设备进行定期检修Location Safety Meetings Conducted井场安全会议Location Standards Adhered To遵守井场规则Engineering Calculations Considered工程计算Location Layout of Equipment井场设备布置图,9,Hydraulic Workover Unit液压作业机,Conventional Stand Al

10、one Hydraulic Workover units are self contained operating systems consisting of modular equipment groups that are easily transported and rigged up.传统的独立式液压作业机是一种由不同的设备模块组成的自我运行系统，而且运输和安装都很容易。,10,Work Basket and control panel工作篮和控制面板Hydraulic Jack assembly液压举升机Traveling Slips移动卡瓦Rotary Table转盘Guide T

11、ubes 导管Stationary Slips固定卡瓦Hydraulic power pack,accessories,and hydraulic hoses液压动力源，附件和液压管线Circulating swivel,kelly hose,and pumps旋转循环头，水龙带和泥浆泵BOP Stack防喷器组,Components of HWO Unit 带压作业机的组成,11,Workbasket工作篮,The workbasket,located on top of the jack,is used as a work platform.Controls for the jack,tr

12、aveling and stationary slips,BOPs,and counterbalance are located in the work basket.工作篮位于举升机顶部，是操作手的工作平台。控制面板可以控制举升机，移动及固定卡瓦，防喷器组和绞车，位于工作篮内。,12,Control Panel控制面板,Typically there are two control panels,one for the jack operator and one for the helper.The operator controls the vertical movement of the

13、 jack and the operation of the slips.The helper operates a counterbalance that lifts and lowers joints of pipe to and from the basket.通常来讲，有两种控制面板，一种是举升机操作手的，一种是操作手助手用的。操作手的控制面板是用来控制举升机上下移动的，助手来控制绞车，在工作篮上吊放油管用。,13,Traveling and Stationary slips移动固定卡瓦,Traveling Slips located on the traveling assembly

14、,which moves vertically up and down as the cylinder rods are extended and retracted移动卡瓦组，液压缸的伸缩控制移动卡瓦组的上下。Stationary Slips attached to the base of the jack and are used to hold the pipe while the traveling slips are not engaged固定卡瓦组，装在举升机的底座上，在移动卡瓦开启的时候，用来抓住管柱。,14,Hydraulic jack one or more hydrauli

15、c cylinders configured to move the pipe into and out of the hole液压举升机-通过配置的一个或者多个液压缸来起下管柱Guide Tube placed in the bore of the jack to provide the lateral support necessary to prevent buckling of the workstring导管-位于举升机的通孔中，为放置管柱的弯曲，为其提供横向支撑。,Hydraulic Jack Assembly液压举升机,15,Hydraulically driven and us

16、ed for milling and fishing operations液压驱动的转盘，可以进行钻/磨服务,Rotary Table 转盘,16,Power tongs rigged up in the basket to make up pipe connections液压钳位于工作篮之上，用来上卸扣,Power Tongs液压钳,17,The power pack,located on the ground or deck,supplies the hydraulic pressure necessary to operate the jack,BOPs,rotary,counterba

17、lance and power tongs.动力源位于地面或者平台甲板上，为操作举升机，防喷器组，转盘，绞车和动力钳的操作提供必需的液压压力。,Hydraulic power pack,accessories,and hydraulic hoses液压动力源，附件和液压管线,18,A circulating swivel is placed on top of the tubing and allows fluid to be pumped through the tubing during milling or washout operations循环旋转头位于夹持的油管顶部，在磨/洗作业中

18、允许修井液在油管内循环The swivel is connected to the pumps with flexible hose or chicksan lines.循环旋转头用高压胶管或者硬管线与泥浆泵连接,Circulating Swivel,Kelly Hose and Pumps旋转循环头，水龙带和泥浆泵,19,Hydraulic Workover“Basic Jack”液压修井机的基本部件,20,21,Cudd HWO Stand Alone Units卡德独立式带压作业机,Advantages优势,22,HWO Stand Alone Unit Specs独立式作业机的参数,2

19、3,Cudd Rack Jack System卡德快速起立型设备,Dual Kelly System双水龙带系统,24,Cudd Rack Jack System卡德快速起立系统,25,Cudd Rack Jack System Layout快速起立系统的简图,26,Cudd Rack Jack System卡德快速起立系统,2”CT vs.2 3/8”or 2 7/8”,*2 bbl/min,27,Applications应用,28,Solids Removal 固体颗粒清除,Washing sand bridges洗砂塞Washing proppant materials冲洗支撑剂沉淀Fo

20、am/Nitrogen washes二氧化碳泡沫/氮气冲洗Washing with formation compatible fluids用与储层配伍的修井液冲洗作业Washing out plugged drill strings冲洗卡堵的钻井作业管柱De-scaling operations清垢,29,Drilling Extended Reach钻井-大位移井作业,Drilling out from under surface(complete wellbore package)传统钻井作业（包括完井作业）Conventional sidetrack传统开窗侧钻Through tubin

21、g sidetrack过油管开窗侧钻Re-entry二次钻井Underbalanced drilling欠平衡钻井Drilling into underground blowout井喷井补救钻井,30,When CT or Wireline is Incapable of the Task当连续油管或者电缆作业能力不可及,Where high well pressures risk collapse/burst of CT当连续油管作业时遇到外挤或者内压过高风险时When high pump rates/pressures are required需要高泵注排量/压力作业时Where surf

22、ace rotation is required当需要地上扭矩作业时Where high tensile(H2S resistant)jointed pipe is required当需要高强度（抗硫化氢）管柱作业时In horizontal&highly deviated wells在水平井和大斜度井作业时,31,Plug and Abandonment注塞和井报废处理作业,Pull/fish existing completions起完井管柱或者打捞目前管柱内的落鱼Set/squeeze cement plugs挤/座灰塞Set CIBP座复合桥塞Cut/pull casing切/起套管M

23、ill out cement plugs under pressure带压磨铣灰塞,32,Completion Operations,Live/Dead,Single or Dual 完井作业，带压/无压，单根或者立柱,Running bit and scraper assembly下钻头和刮削工具Milling cement 钻灰塞Tubing conveyed perforating guns下射孔枪Setting packer(s)坐桥塞Run completion string(s)下完井管柱Gravel packing and other sand consolidation tas

24、k填砂和其他填砂作业,33,Recompletions and Workover,Live or Dead Well 重新完井和修井，带压/无压,Pull/fish existing completions起完井管柱或者打捞落鱼Mill packers磨铣封隔器Pump/squeeze cement泵注/挤注作业Straddle assemblies隔跨作业Repair casing problems套管修补作业Run bit&scraper assembly下钻头和刮削器Tubing conveyed perforating guns下射孔枪Set Packers坐封隔器Run comple

25、tion strings下完井管柱Gravel packing and other sand consolidation task填砂和其他填砂作业Run/pull ESP起下电潜泵,34,MECHANICS OF HYDRAULIC WORKOVER液压修井机的机械原理介绍,35,Mechanics of Hydraulic HWO液压修井机的机械原理,Primary pressure control during hydraulic workover operations is provided by a self-energizing stripper and through an as

26、sembly of stripping rams.带压修井作业中的最基本压力控制是通过自密封头或者是防喷器内部的密封工作闸板实现压控 The stripping rams consists of two sets of rams,one on top of the other.There are opened one at a time to allow the collar of the connections between joints of pipe to pass through the rams.防喷器的密封工作闸板是由两块一上一下的闸板组成，当过结箍时，闸板打开，允许结箍通过闸板

27、。Below the stripping rams are the safety rams,which may consist of a shear/blind blowout preventer and an annular BOP.在密封闸板下面时安全闸板，一般是由剪切/盲板密封闸板或者环形防喷器组成The tertiary barrier,a shear/seal BOP,sits below this directly above the Xmas tree.第三封堵屏障，剪切密封闸板，位于采油气树之上。,36,Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压工作机机

28、械原理,A HWO rig-up is a very tall structure.It consists of a hydraulically powered HWO unit,which provides the force on a pipe,above string of multi-layered pressure control components.液压修井机完全装配好之后是一个非常高的结构。它是由液压驱动的作业机（为作业管柱提供动力）组成的，在层叠的防喷器组之上。At the top of the HWO unit is the basket,which serves as t

29、he control post for the rig-up.Below the basket are the hydraulic jacks,which powers the pipe into an out of the hole.It consists of two mechanisms for applying force to the pipe in either direction.Each mechanism consists of traveling and stationary slips.The traveling slips are used to move the pi

30、pe,while the stationary slips are used to hold the pipe while the traveling slips are repositioned between strokes.在液压作业机顶部是工作篮，是控制单元所在。在工作篮之下，是液压举升机，起下作业管柱时提供动力。它是由两个机械机构来控制管柱上下的，每个机构都是由移动卡瓦和固定卡瓦组成的。一般来讲，移动卡瓦是用来上下移动管柱，固定卡瓦是用来夹持住管柱的，当固定卡瓦关闭时，移动卡瓦就在不同作业冲程中开关。,37,The Rotary and Traveling Slips can wor

31、k simultaneously.转盘和移动卡瓦可以同时工作。,Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理,38,Stationary and Traveling Slips are both engaged at beginning of snubbing stroke.在开始作业时，移动和固定卡瓦都是关闭的。,Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理,39,Stationary Slips are disengaged固定卡瓦打开With Traveling Slips engaged,the hydraul

32、ic cylinders are extended retracted-lowering the tubing-and completing the stroke.移动卡瓦关闭，液压缸回缩，油管被下压，完成第一作业冲程。,Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理,40,At completion of downward stroke,the stationary slips are engaged.完成第一下压冲程后，固定卡瓦关闭The Traveling Slips are disengaged,then the hydraulic cylinder

33、s are extended to make the next stroke.移动卡瓦打开，液压缸上移去做下一冲程。,Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理,41,Process is repeated as the tubing is snubbed through the BOP Stripper rams or annular重复作业冲程，直到所有油管通过防喷器或者环形被下入井中,Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机机械原理,42,Ram to Ram HWO Procedures闸板对闸板作业工作程序,43

34、,Ram to Ram HWO Procedures,44,Ram to Ram HWO Procedures,45,Ram to Ram HWO Procedures,46,Ram to Ram HWO Procedures,47,ENGINEERING带压作业工程设计,48,Theory原理,Pressure Area Calculations压力-面积计算To snub pipe into a pressured well,a downward force greater than the well pressure force must be applied to the tubula

35、r.The well pressure force is a function of the surface pressure and the size of the pipe.当下管柱时，作用在管柱上的下压力要比井口压力大。井口的压力要通过地表压力和管柱的型号大小来计算。,49,Theory,50,Engineering Calculations For HWO Applications带压作业的工程计算,Collapse/Burst Calculations for Tubing-Based on Anticipated Compression and Tension Loads油管外挤和

36、内压的计算-基于估计的压缩和拉伸的重量Critical Buckling Load Limitations Calculated-Based on Unsupported Length&Snub Force 临界压屈载荷计算，基于无支撑管柱的长度和下压力Required Snubbing Force需要的作业力的计算Required Hydraulic Snub/Lift Pressure-Jack Forces需要的液压下压和举升压力-举升机力的计算Well Control Considerations井控的考虑,51,Calculations,Calculate Snub Force计算下

37、压力公式 P=F/A F=P x AP=Pressure(psi)F=Force(lbf)A=Area(in2),52,Example Snub Force Calculation带压作业计算举例,A well has 1200 psi surface pressure.What is the well pressure force when the seal is:井口压力1200psi，在以下密封的情况下，作业需要的力的计算Applied to the tube body 作用于管体的Applied to the connection作用于结箍的Workstring工作管串:1-1/4”3

38、.02 lb/ft CS-Hydril N-80Tube OD管体外径=1.660”Connection OD结箍外径=1.927”,53,54,Frictional Forces摩擦力,Force is required to overcome the frictional resistance of the BOP(or stripping rubber)through which the pipe is being moved.The magnitude of the frictional force depends on the pipe size and surface roughn

39、ess and the BOP operating pressure.Because the frictional force always acts to oppose motion,it acts upwards when snubbing into a well.下压力和上提力都要克服夹持管柱的防喷器闸板的摩擦力。这个摩擦力的大小基于管柱的大小，表面粗糙程度和防喷器操作的压力。因为摩擦力是一种反作用力，所有下压时摩擦力是向上的。,55,Total Snub Force总的作业力的计算,The weight of the pipe itself acts downwards and the

40、refore helps to lower the pipe into the well.When first snubbing into the hole,the weight of the snubbing string is usually negligible and may generally be ignored.Therefore,the maximum required snubbing force occurs as pipe is first started in the hole.管柱自重是向下的，因此帮助了管柱的下入。当第一根管子入井时，一般管柱的重量是忽略不计的。因此

41、，最大的下压力要用于第一根管子入井的情况下使用。Max Snub Force最大下压力(lbs)=Well Pressure Force 井口压力(lb)+Friction Force摩擦力(lb)F MAX SNUB=FWP+FFRIC,56,Total Snub Force,57,Tri-axial Stress三轴应力,There is more than one stress that can be exerted on the tubing作用在管子上的力不止一种Axial Stress(compression or tensile)轴向力（压缩或者拉伸）Radial Stress(

42、burst and collapse)径向力（外挤或者内压）Hoop Stress(shear)虎克定律，剪切效应Torque扭矩,58,Von Mises Distortion Energy Theory冯.米塞变形应力圆分析,59,60,Buoyancy悬重,As more pipe is run into the hole,the buoyed weight of the snubbing string increases.Eventually,the buoyed weight equals the well pressure force.When this happens,the p

43、ipe will no longer be forced out of the hole by the pressure-area force.This is generally known as balance point.At balance point:当管柱不断被下入时，悬重逐渐在增加，当悬重等于井口压力时，管柱不再有被顶出的危险，这个时候我们称这个点为平衡点 Buoyed string weight悬重平衡点(lb)=Pressure Area Force压力面积值(lb)W=FWP,61,Required Hydraulic Pressure需要的液压压力,The snubbing

44、 and lifting forces required to run and pull the workstring are produced by a multiple hydraulic jack cylinders.When snubbing,the cylinders are pressured on the piston rod side;when pulling pipe,the cylinders are pressured on the opposite side.多液压缸的举升机为起下工作管柱提供下压和上提。当下管柱时，液压缸的切面被施压；当提出管柱时，液压缸的另一端切面会

45、受力。,62,Required Hydraulic Pressure需要的液压压力,63,Pipe Buckling-Inelastic/Elastic管柱弯曲-非弹性/弹性变形,After the required snubbing force is established,it must be confirmed that the workstring can support this compressive load without buckling.当需要的下压压力启动时，要确保工作管柱在这种下压力下能够被支撑住不弯曲。With increasing compressive load,

46、buckling will first occur in the maximum unsupported length of the workstring.在逐渐增加的压缩负荷下，管柱弯曲首先会发生在工作管柱中最大无支撑长度部分。,64,Pipe Buckling-Inelastic/Elastic管柱弯曲-弹性形变/非弹性形变,65,Engineering Calculations For HWO Applications带压作业不同应用的工程计算,66,CUDD WELL HISTORYS CHINA卡德在中国的作业业绩,CHANQING OIL长庆油田苏里格气田Inner Mongoli

47、a October 2003内蒙古，中国，2003年Removal of Russian Wellheads which must be completely removed in order to pull the production tubing.The wellhead removal was previously only possible by“killing”the well with a heavy work-over fluid.The operating budget for these wells is quite low;therefore any technical

48、solution must also be inexpensive to the client.Our team designed a method to meet the criteria and successfully completed four wells.换老式的俄式井口，为了提出生产管柱要求必须要完全去除井口。之前更换俄式井口的办法只有注入高密度的修井液压井，才能进行更换。这种作业费用非常低，因此要求作业的手段费用也不需要太高，卡德团队设计了一种作业方法，满足了甲方要求并成功的完成了作业。As a result of this project,CUDD has a technic

49、al solution for changing the infamous“Russian Wellhead”without causing significant formation damage to sensitive gas formations;a real problem in other Chinese oilfields.这个项目的结果就是，卡德在没有伤害长庆低渗敏感储层的情况下成功更换不出名的俄式井口的决方案非常成功，解决了中国油田面临的一些严重问题。CNPC TARIM中石油，塔里木油田 WELL WC#1 KUCHE,XINJIANG NORTHERN CHINA乌参1井

50、，库车，新疆High pressure paraffin removal with 13500psi circulating pressure and 8000psi SICP.Currently planning two more wells for 2013.清蜡作业，13,500psi循环压力，关井压力8,000psi，2013年在准备再更多井的作业。EOG RESOURCES EOG能源（中国）YAN TING,SICHUAN CENTRAL CHINA 盐亭，四川，中国Recompleted 5 wells with 2-3/8”EUE tubing with 2000psi SIC