路由器基本原理和配置课件.ppt

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1、路由器基本原理和配置,通信工程系NE实验室,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,本章学习目标,掌握路由器基本原理掌握路由器的定义与作用掌握路由器的结构与工作原理掌握路由器的操作掌握路由器的基本配置命令掌握路由器升级版本的方法掌握路由器常用操作,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,内容提示,路由器基本原理路由器的定义与作用路由器的结构与工作原理路由器的操作,2023/1/25,Guo-jua

2、n,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,路由器用于进行网络互连的计算机设备路由器必须具备：多个三层接口连接不同的网络协议至少向上实现到网络层具有存储、转发、寻径功能,路由器的定义,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,路由器的核心作用是实现网络互连，数据转发路由（寻径）：路由表建立、更新转发：在网络之间转发分组数据隔离广播：路由器的每个端口都属于不同的广播域指定访问规则：防火墙功能和分组过滤异种网络互连：连接异构的底层网络,路由

3、器的作用,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,路由器的结构与工作原理,路由功能：执行路由协议，生成、更新和维护路由表。交换/转发功能：分组从路由器一个接口输入，根据目的IP地址，查找路由表，然后选择合适接口输出。,路由功能,路由选择协议,路由表,输入端口,交换结构,输入端口,输出端口,转发功能,输出端口,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,完成路由功能需要的几个基本信息：路由的是什么协议？

4、目的地址是否已存在?从哪个端口发送出去？下一跳地址是什么？,控制平面：路由功能,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,帧校验并缓存数据包,进入接口,将目的地逻辑地址与下一跳逻辑设备和外出接口相关联,路由表,将下一跳逻辑设备与物理地址相关联以生成帧头,ARP缓存（局域网）,封装数据包并转发帧,外出接口,由路由协议维护,由ARP或逆向ARP进程所维护,映射列表（广域网）,转发平面：交换/转发功能,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication

5、Department of XIPT,同一网段内部的通信,网络A,通向路由器1,通信需求,Hub/switch,网段（IP子网）：拥有相同网络前缀的接口构成的集合。,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,同一网段通信过程图示,IP地址：192.168.1.2MAC地址：00:20:AF:00:00:02,IP地址：192.168.1.1MAC地址：00:20:AF:00:00:01,以太网,IP层,封装IP包包发往IP地址192.168.1.2,以太网,IP层,封装MAC帧帧发往MAC地址00

6、:20:AF:00:00:02,封装MAC帧收到MAC帧,ARP,拆封IP包收到IP包,A,B,网络情况,协议层次,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,不同网段之间的通信,网络B,网络A,路由器,通信需求,Ethernet,路由器,Ethernet,FR,PPP,20.1.1.0/24,20.1.2.0/24,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,以太网,以太网接口,不同网段的通信过程,以太

7、网,IP层,MAC帧,IP层,串行接口,以太网接口,IP层,网络情况,协议层次,PPP分组,IP包,IP包,发送端主机A,接收端主机B,路由器,Ethernet,PPP,HOST A,HOST B,fei-1/1,e1_2/1,Ethernet,fei-1/1,e1_2/1,IP层,路由器,PPP帧,IP包,IP包,串行接口,MAC帧,IP包,IP包,20.1.1.2,20.1.2.2,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,判断与目的端是否处于同一网段,检查ARP表是否有目的端MAC地址,做数

8、据链路层封装（目的MAC为目的端MAC地址）,通过物理层发送数据,通过ARP获得目的端MAC地址,YES,NO,YES,NO,是否配置了缺省网关？,YES,检查ARP表是否有网关MAC地址,做数据链路层封装（目的MAC为网关MAC地址）,通过ARP获得网关MAC地址,NO,发送错误信息,YES,NO,End,获取目的IP地址,源端主机IP分组转发流程,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,IP分组转发流程基本概念IP分组转发是基于 hop by hop 的方式（数据报）从源到目的之间源IP和

9、目的IP地址保持不变每经过一个数据链路层，数据链路层封装都要做相应的重新封装返回的数据选路与到达的数据选路无关,IP分组转发基本概念,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,路由过程示例,192.168.6.0/24,192.168.2.0/24,e1_1,e1_1,fei_1/1,192.168.2.3,192.168.1.0/24,192.168.3.0/24,192.168.3.3,192.168.4.0/24,R1,R2,R3,R1 路由表192.168.4.0 255.255.255

10、.0 192.168.4.1 e1_1 direct 0 0 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1 rip 120 1192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1 rip 120 1 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1 rip 120 2,e1_2,e1_1,fei_1/1,fei_1/1,A,B,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associ

11、ate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,1.目的地址为:192.168.3.3,192.168.6.0/24,192.168.2.0/24,192.168.2.3,192.168.1.0/24,192.168.3.0/24,192.168.3.3,192.168.4.0/24,R1,R2,R3,R2 路由表192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.2 e1_1 direct 0 0 192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e1_2 direct 0 0192.168.1.0 25

12、5.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.1 e1_1 rip 120 1192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.2 e1_1 rip 120 1,e1_1,e1_1,fei_1/1,e1_2,e1_1,fei_1/1,fei_1/1,路由过程示例（续）,A,B,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,路由过程示例（续）,192.168.6.0/24,

13、192.168.2.0/24,192.168.2.3,192.168.1.0/24,192.168.3.0/24,192.168.3.3,192.168.4.0/24,R1,R2,R3,R3 路由表192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1 fei_1/1 direct 0 0 192.168.6.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.2 e1_1 direct 0 0192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e1_1 rip 120 1192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e

14、1_1 rip 120 1192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.6.1 e1_1 rip 120 2,反方向数据包的转发流程？,e1_1,e1_1,fei_1/1,e1_2,e1_1,fei_1/1,fei_1/1,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,路由器基本原理路由器的操作路由器的基本配置命令路由器升级版本的方法路由器常用操作,内容提示,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Depart

15、ment of XIPT,中兴路由器全系列产品,性能,ZXR10 GAR SeriesGAR 7208/3608/2608GAR 2604 交换容量：1G-5.4G转发性能：50K-1.2Mpps,ZXR10 GER交换容量：32G转发性能:24Mpps,ZXR10 T64E交换容量：128G/320G转发性能：48M-200Mpps,ZXR10 18/28/38转发性能：30K-1Mpps,ZXR10 T128交换容量：256G/640G转发性能：96M-400Mpps,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department

16、 of XIPT,GAR2604硬件介绍,GAR2604正面视图,GAR2604背面视图,Console,AUX,FE,电源,电源开关,模块化接口板,常见接口板：单端口10/100M接口板四端口V24/V35同步接口板四端口E1接口板,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,可以通过多种方式配置路由器,Console port,Auxiliary port,Interfaces,PC or Unix server,GAR,路由器配置方式,Virtual terminal,telnet,ftp

17、,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,串口连接方式,超级终端软件：推荐使用Windows的超级终端开始程序附件通讯超级终端参数设置：波特率数据位数奇偶校验停止位数流控,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,Telnet方式,在命令行方式下键入：telnet,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XI

18、PT,命令模式,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,ZXR10?Exec commands:enable Turn on privileged commands exit Exit from the EXEC login Login as a particular user logout Exit from the EXEC ping Send echo messages quit Quit from the EXEC,ZXR10#co?configure copyZXR10#von ter

19、%Invalid input detected at marker.,ZXR10#conZXR10#configureZXR10#configure?terminal Enter configuration modeZXR10#conf t,在线帮助和命令缩写,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,按Ctrl-P 或向上箭头键,重新调用记录缓冲区中的最新命令，重复这些按键向前调用旧命令,按Ctrl-N 或向下箭头键,向后滚，到达最后一条命令行时再滚动则从缓冲区的头部开始循环滚动,特权模式下

20、执行show history命令,列出该模式下最新的输入的几条命令,调用与显示历史命令,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,文件系统介绍,FLASH中包含三个目录：IMG：版本文件存放在该目录下。CFG：配置文件存放在该目录下。DATA：该目录用于存放记录告警信息。,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统异常时的版本升级,ftp client 192.168.1.2,ftp server

21、 192.168.1.1,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统异常时的版本升级,步骤一：将路由器的管理以太口与运行FTP server 的PC 机连接步骤二：重新启动路由器在显示Press any key to stop auto-boot.时按任意键中断路由器的引导过程。Boot Location 0:Net,1:Flash:1Client IP 0:bootp:168.1.168.1Netmask:255.255.0.0Server IP 0:bootp:168.1.168.110

22、 Gateway IP:168.1.168.1.Press any key to stop for auto-boot.,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统异常时的版本升级,步骤三：在GAR Boot状态下敲击c 键回车后进入数据更改状态，修改以下参数，其余一律回车直到出现GAR Boot:提示。GAR Boot:c.=clear field;-=go to previous field;D=quitBoot Location 0:Net,1:Flash:0 0 为从后台FTP，启动

23、1表示从FLASH 启动Client IP 0:bootp:192.168.1.2 对应为网管以太口地址Netmask:255.255.0.0Server IP 0:bootp:192.168.1.1 对应为后台FTP 服务器地址Gateway IP:192.168.1.2 网关地址，可设置为网管口地址FTP User:target 对应为FTP server上配置的用户名target FTP Password:对应为target 用户密码,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统异常时的版

24、本升级,步骤四：敲入回车后系统自动从后台FTP 服务器启动版本 GAR Boot:Start ZXR10 GARVersion V4.6.02.a Build at Nov 29 2005,19:07:37*Welcome to ZXR10 General Access Router of ZTE Corporation*ZXR10,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统异常时的版本升级,步骤五：注意此时运行的新版本是在内存中，先把原有的旧版本改名，然后手工从FTP中copy新版本到fl

25、ash的img目录下。zte#copy ftp:/192.168.1.1/zxr10gar.zarusername:password flash:img/zxr10gar.zar或执行zte#write imgfile命令。,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统异常时的版本升级,步骤六：改变系统启动方式,下次设备启动从FLASH启动。ZXR10#conf t ZXR10(config)#nvram imgfile-location local ZXR10(config)#end ZXR1

26、0#write步骤七：验证版本升级是否成功。通过ZXR10#show version命令检查升级后版本号。,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统正常时的版本升级,ftp client 192.168.1.2,ftp server 192.168.1.1,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统正常时的版本升级,步骤一：准备FTP 服务器连接到网络上，保证该服务器能ping 通GAR 上

27、的接口地址。步骤二：更改旧版本文件的名称在GAR 上将flash:/img 目录下当前运行的版本文件改名为zxr10old.zar，ZXR10#cd imgZXR10#rename zxr10gar.zar zxr10old.zar,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统正常时的版本升级,步骤三：从FTP 服务器下载系统映像文件到GAR的Flash memory上。将新的软件版本文件下载到GAR 的flash:/img 目录下ZXR10#copy ftp:/192.168.1.1/zxr1

28、0gar.zartarget:target flash:/img/zxr10gar.zar 步骤四：重新启动后，验证版本是否升级成功,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,zxr10(config)#hostname ztezte(config)#banner incoming#Enter TEXT message.End with the character#.You have entered a secured system.#zte(config)#exitzte#write,主机名和登

29、陆提示语,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,登陆用户名密码和enable密码,ZXR10(config)#username zte password zteZXR10(config)#enable secret zteZXR10(config)#,登陆用户名和密码只在telnet时使用，console口连接无需登陆用户名和密码,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,别担心，有解决方法的.,

30、enable密码恢复,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,enable密码恢复,系统上电后通过终端连接启动命令行界面（CLI）启动7秒内按任意键打断启动顺序，进入BOOT模式使用命令“c”按提示重新设置路由器的 enable password使用BOOT命令“”继续启动路由器使用新密码进入特权模式,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,enable密码恢复,1：启动路由器，在超级终端下根据提

31、示按任意键进入ROS状态ZXR10 System Boot Version:1.0Creation date:Mar 1 2002,11:11:58Boot Location 0:Net,1:Flash:1 Client IP 0:bootp:250.1.1.1Netmask:255.255.255.0Server IP 0:bootp:10.40.87.88 Press any key to stop for change parameters.1 ZXR10 Boot:,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Departmen

32、t of XIPT,enable密码恢复,2：敲c进入配置状态，前面全部回车ZXR10 Boot:c.=clear field;-=go to previous field;D=quitBoot Location 0:Net,1:Flash:1（0为从后台FTP启动，1表示从 FLASH启动）Client IP 0:bootp:168.4.168.168（对应为BIC板以太口地址）Netmask:255.255.0.0 Enable Password:（设置新密码，不能直接回车）Enable Password Confirm:（重复输入新密码）ZXR10 Boot:,2023/1/25,Guo

33、-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,enable密码恢复,3：敲入，回车后系统会自动重新启动。4：通过上述操作后即恢复enable密码，使用新密码可以进入 enable模式。,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,接口配置,fei_0/1,1,33,2,43,fei_1/1,Zxr10#config terminalZxr10(config)#interface fei_0/1Zxr10(config-if)#no

34、negotiation auto/关闭自动协商Zxr10(config-if)#duplex full|half/设置双工模式Zxr10(config-if)#speed 10|100/设置速率Zxr10(config-if)#shutdown|no shutdown/打开或关闭端口 Zxr10(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.0.0/配置IP地址Zxr10(config-if)#no ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.0.0/删除IP,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communic

35、ation Department of XIPT,配置同/异步接口,进入接口配置模式 ZXR10（config）#interface serial_4/1配置接口的工作方式（DTE/DCE）ZXR10（config-if）#dte enable配置接口同/异步模式（V24接口上起作用）ZXR10（config-if）#physical-layer mode sync 配置同/异步接口的工作速率 ZXR10（config-if）#baudrate 640000配置接口二层协议封装 ZXR10（config-if）#encapsulation ppp,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Asso

36、ciate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,配置CE1接口,进入E1 controller配置模式ZXR10（config）#controller e1_5/1配置E1通道ZXR10（config-control）#channel-group 1 timeslots 1-31进入接口配置模式ZXR10（config）#interface e1_5/1.1配置接口二层协议封装ZXR10（config-if）#encapsulation ppp,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication D

37、epartment of XIPT,显示接口命令,ZXR10#show ip interface fei_1/1fei_0/1 AdminStatus is down,PhyStatus is down,line protocol is down Internet address is 10.1.1.1/24 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 MTU is 1500 bytes ICMP unreachables are always sent ICMP redirects replies are always sent Policy routing i

38、s disabled Inbound access list is not set Outgoing access list is not set ZXR10#,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,ZXR10#show ip interface fei_1/1fei_1/1 is up,line protocol is up.,正常工作.连接问题.接口问题.去激活（Disabled）.,Port is up,line protocol is upPort is up,line protoco

39、l is downPort is down,line protocol is downPort is administratively down,line protocol is down,Keepalives,载波检测,解释接口状态,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,简要显示接口命令,ZXR10#show ip inter briefInterfaceIP-AddressMaskAdminStatusProtocolfei_0/1unassignedunassignedupdownfei

40、_1/1170.1.1.1255.255.255.0upup,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,系统信息,ZXR10show versionZXR10 Router Operating System Software,ZTE CorporationROS ZXR10-GAR Software(ZXR10-GAR-P-G),Version V1.0.2f,(EARLY DEPLOYMENT RELEASE SOFTWARE)ZXR10#show environment temperature

41、Rack inside temperature sample time 10:33:53Rack inside temperature 33ZXR10#show processorPeak CPU:CPU peak utility measured in 2 minutesPhyMem:Physical memory(megabyte)Panel CPU(5s)CPU(30s)CPU(2m)Peak CPU PhyMem Buffer Memory MP(M)2%2%2%3%128 0%78.447%ZXR10#show running,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate

42、 Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,诊断工具,ZXR10#ping 1.1.1.1sending 5,100-byte ICMP echos to 1.1.1.1,timeout is 2 seconds.!Success rate is 100 percent(5/5),round-trip min/avg/max=40/40/40 ms.ZXR10#trace 202.102.19.141 tracing the route to 202.102.19.1411 218.90.164.1 1 ms 0 ms 0 ms2 202.97.27.1

43、53 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms3 202.97.27.98 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms4 202.102.19.141 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,内容回顾,路由器基本原理路由器的基本配置命令路由器升级版本的方法路由器常用操作,2023/1/25,Guo-juan,Associate Prof.of Communication Department of XIPT,思考题,如何进行密码恢复？当路由器因为版本文件损坏而无法正常启动时，应该如何解决？,